1500-1800; AMERICAS

1796

England again took Dutch Colonies

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Georgetown

Britain again conquered Essequibo & Demerara (and also Berbice). All these

Dutch colonies (including Pomeroon, which was usurped by Essequibo earlier) were going to form

British Guyana later in time [present day Guyana].

1794

George Vancouver's expedition ended

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Nootka Island

Captain George Vancouver sailed back to

England in 1794 bringing the message that matters about claimed lands in the territory had to be solved in Europe. During his North-west-coast-expedition he had a conversation at Nootka Island about the issue with a

Spanish Governer.

1792

George Vancouver's expedition

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Mount Rainier

Before reaching the American continent

Captain George Vancouver stayed in Hawai for the winter. Soon after, he continued his expedition and dropped anchor near present-day Seattle, proceded to name Puget Sound, Mount Rainier, Vashon Island and Restoration Point.

1783

Dutch Colonies returned

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Essequibo

Essequibo & Demerara were returned to the

Dutch when the Peace Treaty of Paris (which formally ended the American Revolution) was signed.

1782

El Presidio Real de Santa Barbara

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Presidio

On an exceptionally beautiful spot the

Spanish founded 'El Presidio Real de Santa Barbara' to keep clear a large area from hostilities.

1782

France claimed Dutch Colonies

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Essequibo

France claimed the previous

Dutch Colonies (Essequibo & Demerara) from

England.

1781

Revolt of the Comuneros

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Socorro

A rebellion magnified due to high taxation in the Viceroyalty of

New Granada.

1781

Privateers took Dutch Colonies

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Essequibo

English privateers conquered Essequibo & Demerara (

Dutch Colonies in South-America).

1779

Cuerno Verde defeated

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Cuerno Verde

Spain defeated the

Comanches; Chief Tavibo Naritgant (aka Cuerno Verde) was killed in battle.

1777

The Kingdom of Venezuela

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Venezuela

The Captaincy of

Venezuela was sliced from

New Granada.

1776

The Battle of Nassau

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Fort Montagu

Esek Hopkins was commissioned with the task to take hold of stored English military supplies on New Providence [the Bahamas]. And indeed, the Raid on Nassau was won by forerunners, and moreover, the first version, of the

US Marine Corps and the

US Navy.

1776

Domínguez–Escalante expedition

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Fork Canyon

The main purpose of the

Domínguez–Escalante expedition was to find a route to the Alta California settlements. From Santa Fé northwards they followed the Dolores River (between the Mesa Verde and San Juan Mountains). In northern Colorado they kept westwards and arrived at the Fork Canyon with a breathtaking view over Lake Utah. The expedition turned south through Utah and afterwards back to Santa Fé. Although they never reached California there still was success; they brought home some precious ore.

1776

Presedio de San Francisco

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Presidio
Golden Gate Bridge

To secure the San Francisco Bay the

Spaniard Juan Bautista de Anza II founded this Presidio on a strategic location. Nowadays a spot with a spectacular view on the Golden Gate Bridge.

1776

Colonization of Monterey

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Monterey

Juan Bautista de Anza II (aka Junior) was again sent to Alta California. This time to colonize the area and thereby securing it for

New Spain. Another important issue was to find a suitable spot for a harbor.

1775

Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón

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Presidio

The

Spanish, led by Hugh O'Conor (an

Irish mercenary), found a suitable place east of the St. Cruz River to build a fort; the Presidio San Agustin del Tucson was founded.

1774

Exploration of Alta California

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Presidio

The Juan Bautista de Anza Junior

expedition departed from the Tubac Presidio and headed north along the Santa Cruz River, west following the Gila River to its confluence with the Colorado River and afterwards northwest to the 'Misión San Gabriel'.

1772

Azoreans founded Porto Alegre

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Porto Alegre

Porto Alegre founded by

Portuguese people from the Azores.

1772

Hearne's expedition ended

started in 1770
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Despite the dreadful massacre the

English expedition was successful. Not only on account of its main purpose (finding copper) but also on another major issue; a plausible northern sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific (the NorthWesternPassage).

1771

'Misión San Gabriel Arcángel'

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Mission

At the Rio Hondo a fourth

Spanish Mission in California was established: "The Godmother of the Pueblo of Los Angeles".

1771

Bloody Falls Massacre

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Bloody Falls

Inuit men and women the party encountered at the Coppermine River were attacked by Samuel Hearne's Chipewyan guides, even after

Hearne tried to convince the leader, Matonabbee, not to.

1770

'Misión San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo'

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Mission

Gaspar de Portolá's 2nd expedition went from San Diego to the California Bay. The lands were claimed for

New Spain as Alta California and Mission San Carmel was founded in nowadays Monterey Peninsula.

1770

Hearne's 3rd Expedition

ended in 1772
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Historic Fort

After 2 earlier unsuccesful journeys in search for copper Samuel Hearne organized and prepared for a 3rd expedition. With Chipewyan guides (belonging to the

Dene People) they departed from

Fort Prince of Wales on the western shore of the Hudson Bay in the north-western direction.

1769

Presidio & Mission San Diego

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Monument
Mission

Gaspar de

Portolá's 1st expedition took from Baja California to San Diego; Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded as well as a Presidio.

1762

France concede lands to Spain

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At the time when

France realised that the French and Indian War in Eastern North-America against the

English was lost, they secretly gave away all territories west of the Appalachian Mountains to

Spain.

1759

Battle of the twin villages

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Wichita Falls

Because of the Raid on Santa Cruz de San Saba a punitive expedition was sent out to attack Wichita, Comanche and Tonkawa villages. Under the command of Diego Ortiz Parrilla they went northwards. At the Red River they encountered a fortified Wichita settlement and besieged it. However, the inhabitants were accompanied by even more

Comanches who fired back at the attackers with muskets. The

Spanish tried to breach the walls with the use of canons. Unsuccessfully though, and after having lost many a man they resigned trying.

1758

Raid on Santa Cruz de San Saba

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Presidio San Saba

Lipan

Apaches had made peace with the

Spanish and had asked for a 'Mísion'. With hesitation it was done so; the Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba was built in 1757. Though, it was destroyed a year later by Wichita and

Comanches who were unhappy with the course of events.

1754

Henday's Expedition

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Red Deer River

Anthony Henday's party, commissioned by the HBC, went from the Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains; through Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Presumably they peacefully met Archithinues (aka the Blackfoot).

1747

Raid on Abiquiu

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Morada

Abiquiu was established as a

New Mexico frontier outpost for surveillance expeditions. And indeed, the area was still frequently attacked by

Utes,

Navajos,

Apaches and

Comanches. After the raid of 1747 by Comanches Abiquiu was abandoned, though recaptured and reoccupied by the

Spanish a year later.

1745

Demerara Colony established

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Demerara River

And again, more

Dutch plantations were built. This time on a river about 25 Km to the east of the Essequibo River.

1742

Northern Great Plains Expedition

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Pierre

Two sons of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye (Louis-Joseph and Francois) explored the northern Great Plains; from North Dakota probably to the Dakota Black Hills and back via South Dakota; documentation about their expedition is unfortunately not at hand. On the other hand though, a claim for

France was found in Pierre (South Dakota).

1740

J.B. de Anza Senior killed

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Terrenate

The

Spaniard Juan Bautista de Anza Senior ascended rapidly through the militia hierarchy from 1726 onwards. During this period the New Spain citizens in Sonora (nowadays a

Mexican Province) and Arizona (nowadays a

USA State) frequently had to cope with hostile White Mountain

Apaches. Preceding his plan to establish a (trade)route to Alta California, he was killed whilst undertaking a preparational trip.

1739

New Granada re-established

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Northern S-America

The Spanish Viceroyalty of

New Granada was re-established and enlarged with Panama [present day Colombia, Equador, Venezuela & Panama].

1724

Montevieu renamed Montevideo

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Museo Nacional

The

Spanish Governor of 'Buen Ayre' had ordered to take the

Portuguese Fort Montevieu; the actual foundation of a Spanish Montevideo.

1723

Fort Montevieu founded

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Ciudad Vieja

The

Portuguese Manuel de Freitas da Fonseca chose to built a fortification to be able to defend the region against

Spanish encroachment.

1723

New Granada dismantled

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Northern S-America

The Spanish Viceroyalty of

New Granada was dismantled due to financial problems.

1720

Pawnee attacked the Spanish

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Great Plains

The

Spanish Villasur expedition, accompanied by

Puebloan warriors and

Apache guides, was sent to the Great Plains to annihilate

French influence. The expedition went north-east through Colorado, Kansas and Nebraska. The party met and unsuccesfully negotiated with the

Pawnee, who at dawnbreak attacked the camped expedition. After a short and fierce fight they were victorious; this event ends

Spanish influence in the Central Great Plains.

1718

Misión San Antonio de Valero

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The Alamo

In the course of opposing

French claims in the Texas area

Spanish New Mexico founded Misión San Antonio de Valero (nowadays known as The Alamo).

1718

'Kings Pardon' offered

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Museum
Black Sails

England commissioned Woodes Rogers with the task to offer a 'Kings Pardon' to British pirates. Where some (f.e. Benjamin Hornigold) hesitatingly accepted the offer, other pirates like Charles Vane and Edward Teach (better known as Blackbeard) did not.

1717

The Kingdom of New Granada

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Northern S-America

The Spanish Viceroyalty of

New Granada was established [present day Colombia, Equador & Venezuela].

1706

Juan De Ulibarrí expedition

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El Quartelejo

The

Spanish, accompanied by

Puebloan warriors, got going from Santa Fé, crossed the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, passed the Mesa de Maya, entered the Great Plains, reached the settlement of El Quartelejo and claimed it for Spain. During the trip De Ulibarrí improved relations with the Jicarilla (an

Apache tribe).

1695

Charlestown rebuilt & renamed

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Nassau

Charlestown rebuilt and renamed in Nassau [Bahamas].

1692

Huge Alliance

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Not all

Puebloans wanted to submit easily. By means of small raids and minor incidents some still opposed the

Spanish. Others moved to join the 'Huge Alliance'; an alliance comprised of Hopis (a

Pueblo tribe),

Apaches,

Navajos,

Comanches,

Utes and Pah-utes (like the Utes a

Shoshone tribe). As a consequence the frequency of raids on

Spanish and allied

Pueblo villages increased. The alliance lasted for many years. However, its form of existence changed over time.

1692

Pueblo tribes subdued again

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Spain knew that

France was enlarging its lands along the Mississippi river. To oppose further French expansion they wanted New Mexico back; Diego De Vargas was commissioned to take up the task. Coincidently, timing was on his side. Many

Pueblo tribes accepted Spanish rule again. Moreover, they sided without bloodshed because they needed protection against enduring raids from

Navajos and

Apaches.

1692

Earthquake demolished Port Royal

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Port Royal

The economically thriving city of

Port Royal [in nowadays Jamaica] met with a disaster; an earthquake demolished it completely. Later, those who fled in time founded a new city on the north side of the bay; Kingston was born.

1689

Privateers destroyed Pomeroon

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Pomeroo River

French privateers completely destroyed the

Dutch Pomeroon Colony.

1687

La Salle's Expedition ended

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Navasota

La Salle still wanted to find the Mississippi river, though was killed by mutineers near Navasota. Then again, the mutineers turned to each other. Only two survived, did actually find the Mississippi river and reached

French lands in the Great Lakes Area.

1685

La Salle's expedition

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Cavelier De La Salle was determined to achieve his major goal; he had to find the Mississippi river from the West initiating expeditions to the East of Saint Louis [Texas].

1684

Saint Louis founded

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Monument

Although not on the planned spot, La Salle founded Saint Louis (near Matagorda Bay [Texas]) and as a result expanding

New France. However, it would not stand the test of time; it was destroyed in 1688.

1684

Spanish destroyed Charlestown

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History Society

Charlestown destroyed by a Spanish fleet.

1681

Colonia del Sacramento returned

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Ciudad Vieja

Portugal got Colonia del Sacramento returned from

Spain.

1680

Colonia conquered by Spain

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Ciudad Vieja

The

Spaniard Antonio de Vera Mujica conquered the Colonia settlement.

1680

Pueblo Revolt

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Palace of Gov's

Popé's Revolt was very well prepared; in all

Pueblo villages actions were to start on the same day. By following this strategy they secured the surrounding villages of

Santa Fé before they besieged it. Still though governor Antonio de Otermín managed to flee and retreated southwards. The Puebloans were victorious; all Christian tokens were to be destroyed making space for the old way of life. However, not all Pueblo tribes found the revolt a succes; unity amongst them would diminish even more.

1680

Colonia del Sacramento founded

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Ciudad Vieja

The

Portuguese Manuel Lobo founded Colonia del Sacramento.

1670

Charles Town founded

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Harbor

Charles Town [Bahama's] founded.

1667

Willougbyland conquered

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Fort Zeelandia

In retaliation a

Dutch fleet, commanded by Abraham Crijnssen, reconquered Dutch Colonies and conquered

Willoughbyland. It was renamed 'Fort Zeelandia'. Later that year a status quo was signed in a peace treaty (to end the 2nd Anglo-Dutch war); agreed was that the

Dutch kept Suriname and the

English kept the 'New Netherlands' in North-America.

1665

English take Dutch Colonies

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Essequibo

The

English conquered all

Dutch Colonies in South-America (Essequibo, Berbice & Pomeroon).

1664

Cayenne conquered

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Cayenne

The

French conquered Cayenne from the

Dutch. Although some switches between Holland, England and France were going to take place, this is in a way the birth of

French Guyana.

1660

Anglo-Spanish War ended

started in 1654
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Jamaica

Spanish cities were consecutively attacked. A well thought of

English strategy to keep the opponent away from Jamaica.

1656

Cayenne refounded

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Cayenne

The

Dutchman Jan Claessen Langendyck (WIC approved) refounded a Cayenne Colony.

1655

Anglo-Spanish War

ended in 1660
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Hispaniola

A war mainly caused by economic rivalry. The first battle fought in the Caribbean was The Siege of Santo Domingo in '55. The

Spanish were able to defend the city and repulsed the

English. Despite that, the English sailed on to the Colony of Santiago [nowadays Jamaica] and took Port Royal and Spanish Town.

1654

Portuguese ended Dutch Brazil

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The

Dutch had actually left the region; in fact the end of Dutch Brazil (although the official documents were only signed until 1661).

1650

Pomeroon Colony established

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Pomeroo River
1st attempt

The 2nd atempt to establish

Dutch plantations on the Pomeroo River was sucessfull.

1650

Willoughbyland settled

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Historic City

The

English Lord Willoughby had ordered Major Anthony Rowse to start plantations in his name at the present day Suriname River.

1649

2nd Battle of Guararapes

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Guararapes

With the previous defeat in mind the

Dutch thought to be prepared (and partly copied

Portuguese tactics used in the first battle). Still though, moral was very low. And, when again the Portuguese outwitted their opponent, a

Dutch retreat to Recife was at hand. Totally being broken the Dutch cause was lost; a clear revival of

Portuguese Brazil.

1648

1st Battle of Guararapes

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Guararapes

The

Portuguese strategically outwitted the

Dutch army.

1646

Battle of Tejucopapo

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Tejucopapo

The 2nd stage of the demise was a complete disaster for the

Dutch as they were beaten by

Portuguese allied local planters, most of them women, armed with farmer tools at the Battle of Tejucopapo.

1645

Battle of Tabocas

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Mount Tabocas

The decline of

Dutch Brazil started with the Battle of Tabocas; a major victory for the

Portuguese army near Vitória de Santo Antão.

1643

Chilean settlement Brouwershaven

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Valdivia

Commander Hendrik Brouwer had died, to honour him the settlement on the ruins at Valdivia [at the Pacific Ocean; Chile] was called 'Brouwershaven' by the

Dutchman Elias Herckmans. Mainly because of the unstable relation with the Mapuche the Fort was abandoned before the end of the year.

1643

Cayenne founded

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Fort Cépérou

Fort Cépérou and a village built by the

Frenchman Charles Poncet de Brétigny. The village was within a year destroyed by First Nation people.

1641

Pinnacle of Dutch Brazil

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Recife

Whereas the previous goal was controlling trade, the

Dutch Governor Johan Maurits of Nassau was rather successful on the development of the region on other subjects as well; both, on culture as on science.

1641

Luis De Rosas vs. Franciscans

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Palace of Gov's

A

Spanish revolt was already going on for some years in Santa Fé: the governer Luis De Rosas versus the Franciscans. After his term De Rosas was taken prisoner, excommunicated and a few months later stabbed to death. The friction between church and government gave

Puebloans,

Navajos and

Apaches confidence in their attitude against the Spanish.

1637

Utes versus Spanish

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Ute lands

A Spanish expedition led by Luis de Rosas encountered and fought with

Ute warriors (a major and influential

Shoshone related tribe). Although lots of horses were brought back to the Utes canyon homelands, they lost quite some men who had to work in slavery in

New Mexico. Skirmishes and raids continued until a Peace treaty in 1670.

1630

Dutch conquered Northern Brazil

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Olinda

The

Dutch conquered Northern

Portuguese Brazil (Olinda, Recife, Natal in '33, Sergipe and Fortaleza in '37 and São Luis in '41). Count Johan Maurits of Nassau was to rule the newly gained territory.

1628

Dutch captured a Treasure Fleet

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Bay of Matanzas

The

Dutchman Piet Hein captured a

Spanish Treasure Fleet and was rewarded with the title 'Luitenant-Admiraal'.

1627

Berbice Colony founded

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Berbice

The Berbice Colony with Fort Nassau as its Capital was founded by the

Dutchman Abraham van Peere.

1625

São Salvador recaptured

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São Salvador

The Iberian Union (

Spanish Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of

Portugal) besieged the

Dutch and recaptured São Salvador.

1624

Dutch captured São Salvador

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São Salvador

The

Dutch had started to execute 'Het Groot Desseyn'. The first action was successful; Jakob Willekens captured São Salvador from

Portuguese Brazil.

1623

'Een Groot Desseyn'

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Kijk-over-al

The

Dutch WIC, hosted in Essequibo, had developed a 'Groot Desseyn'; an ambitious plan not only to gain a monopoly on sugar trade but on slave trade as well.

1616

Essequibo Colony founded

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Kijk-over-al

The

Dutchman Joost v/d Hooge founded the Essequibo Colony (Fort 'kijk-over-al') on an island in the Essequibo River.

1615

Saint-Louis captured

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São Luis

A

Portuguese army, under command of Alexandre de Moura, conquered the

French settlement and renamed it into São Luís.

1612

Saint-Louis founded

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Saint-Louis

The Frenchman De la Ravardière founded Saint-Louis in nowadays Maranhão; the start of

France equinoctial.

1610

Santa Fé

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Palace of Gov's

When Don Pedro de Peralta replaced Juan De Oñate he renamed the Tewa

Pueblo village Oghá P'o'oge in Santa Fé. Soon a Palace of Governors was built and therefore it became the official capital of

New Mexico. From this base the Spanish wanted to evangelize

Puebloans,

Navajos and

Apaches; they prohibited local beliefs. However, Pueblo ceremonies (e.g. Kachina Dances) were occasionaly ignored.

1599

The Acoma Escalation

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Acoma Pueblo

When Juan De Oñate's nephew ruthlessly harrased Acoma

Pueblo women, the tribe retributed by killing the Spanish party. Events escalated and De Oñate mercilessly reciprocated by initiating a massacre. The few who survived were heartlessly misshaped by having them amputated a foot. Later, the

Spanish government judged him for his atrocious behaviour.

1598

'Nuevo Mejico' Province

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Ohkay Owingeh

'San Juan de los Caballeros' founded by Juan de Oñate as a settlement to host the administration for

New Mexico. He pronounced himself governor of all the lands in which the

Puebloans,

Navajo and

Apaches lived.

1596

Pomeroon Colony destroyed

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Pomeroo River

The

Dutch Pomeroon Colony did not stand the test of time, as it was attacked by First Nation people.

1595

Looking for El Dorado

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Monte Roraima

Leading a flottila of four ships Walter Raleigh first of all sailed to Trinidad, overtook a

Spanish Harbour and went on to capture San José de Oruna (and its governor Berrio). Later, the

English party explored the Orinoco river, went further in land and found breathtaking landscapes. However no sight of an El Dorado.

1590

Chichimeca War ended

started in 1550
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San Luis Potosi

After having tried to secure trade routes with (more) presidio's, the

Spanish turned to another strategy: the Purchase for Peace. In a way admitting their defeat they gave

Chichimecas quantities of goods, started settlements of already assimilated Tlaxcalans amongst them and gradually converted them to Catholicism. Though, most importantly the Spanish deprecated the use of abuse, mistreatment and enslavement; a policy change which would be used more often.

1589

Roanoke; the lost Colony

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Fort Raleigh

When John White arrived at the colony in 1590, it was much earlier (probably in 1589) abandoned and completely disrupted; the only token was a word written on the pallisade: Croatan. However, did they attack the settlement or did the

English migrate with them peacefully? The relation could have improved over time?!

1587

Roanoke Colony; 2nd attempt

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Fort Raleigh

This time the main purpose was to establish a permanent settlement. The

English brought amongst lots of extra men entire families. Unfortunately, soon life turned out to be rather difficult out there. Colonists wanted help from England and, reluctantly however, John White sailed back.

1585

Roanoke Colony; 1st attempt

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Fort Raleigh

After having arrived at the planned destination, the party rather soon lost one of their largest ships because it was damaged in a storm when anchored offshore; food supplies and tools on board got lost. However, a fortification was built, though was abandoned in 1586.

1584

Raleigh's reconnaissance expedition

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Roanoke Island

Two ships were sent to the New World to find good spots for future colonies. Pleased with finding a small island with natural resources, they sailed back to

England taking along two natives: Manteo (Croatoan) and Wanchese (Roanoacs).

1581

Pomeroon Colony founded

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Pomeroo River
2nd attempt

The

Dutch founded the Pomeroon Colony.

1579

Nova Albion claimed

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Drake's Bay

After having captured the

Spanish Treasureship 'Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion' on the western coastline near nowadays Equador, Francis Drake sailed northwards and went ashore to take care of some repairs. While there he claimed the lands and named it 'Nova Albion'. Later, he continued his voyage westwards and in 1580 he reached

England; Drake was the 2nd to circumnavigate the world.

1572

Inca Empire defeated

started in 1532
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Although Pizarro was killed in 1541 by followers of his contester Diego de Almagro, the

Spanish continued to colonize South-American territories. Conflicts between

Incas and their foreign occupiers carried on for another three decades.

1569

Manaus founded

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Manaus

The

Portuguese founded 'São José do Rio Negro'.

1568

Battle of San Juan de Ulúa

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S.J. de Ulúa

Because of being short on supplies and having to cope with compulsary repairs an English privateering flotilla led by Hawkins, Hampton and Drake sailed to the Spanish S.J. de Ulúa. After an arduous negotiation, parties agreed a truce; the

English were allowed on the small island. Later, a Spanish escort fleet arrived with on board the new governor. So, despite the agreement the

Spanish changed their point of view, prepared secretly for an attack and shortly after carried out their new plans.

1567

Santiago de León de Caracas founded

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National Park

The

Spaniard Diego de Losada founded Santiago de León de Caracas [nowadays Capital of Venezuela].

1565

Massacre at Matanzas

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Bronze Tablet

Later, almost all shipwrecked

Frenchmen were cruelly stabbed to death by the ten despite the fact that they had surrendered. History connotates the spot on the beach where these inhuman and barberic

Spanish executions took place; it is called Matanzas (which means slaughters).

1565

Fort Carolina destroyed

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Fort Caroline

The

French met with a disaster; Ribault's ships where wrecked by a storm trying to reach St. Augustine. The

Spanish took advantage, marched to Fort Caroline and completely destroyed it. Ruthlessly and heartlessly they even killed women and children at first, though by order of Menéndez this was stopped.

1565

St. Augustine founded; Florida reclaimed

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Statue Menéndez

At first Pedro Menéndez de Avilés planned to immediately attack Fort Carolina and reject the

French claim of Florida. Because of a French blockade in the mouth of the river they sailed south and founded St. Augustine. Later, this settlement proved to be the first permanent

Spanish settlement in Florida.

1565

Rio de Janeiro founded

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Rio de Janeiro

The

Portuguese founded 'São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro'.

1562

Fort 'La Caroline' founded

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Ribault Monument

Jean Ribault founded Fort Caroline and claimed Florida for

France. The

Spanish defined this as a bold and unjust action because La Florida was already claimed in 1513.

1561

St. Cruz de la Sierra founded

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St. Cruz de la Sierra

The

Spaniard Ñuflo de Chavez founded Santa Cruz de la Sierra [in nowadays Bolivia].

1560

Fort Coligny destroyed

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Villegaignon

Fort Coligny was destroyed by the

Portuguese.

French survivors though had fled inland and remained there until 1567. By then, after some 12 years, France Antarctique had dissolved.

1555

Fort Coligny founded

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Guanabara Bay

Fort Coligny was founded by the

Frenchman Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. The start of France Antarctique.

1554

São Paulo founded

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São Paulo

José de Anchieta and Manuel da Nóbrega founded a religious

Portuguese mission; 'São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga'.

1550

Chichimeca War

ended in 1590
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Purépecha

Displeased with the Spanish, Zacateco warriors (a member of the

Chichimeca Confederacy) raided silver carrying caravans from Purépecha to Mexico-city. The frequency of these raids grew rapidly especially since Guachichile and Guamares joined them in their cause. Because of the attack-and-run way of warfare many

Spanish tradesmen and soldiers were killed. The Carrot and Stick answer by the Spanish only escalated the situation.

1549

Salvador de Bahia founded

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Salvador

The

Portuguese Tomé de Sousa founded 'São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos' [thenadays Brazil's 1st Capital].

1548

La Paz founded

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La Paz

The

Spaniard Alonso de Mendoza founded 'Nuestra Señora La Paz' [nowadays Governmental Capital of Bolivia].

1542

Cabrillo's West Coast Expedition

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Monument

The De Ulloa expedition was not succesfull. So, the

Spanish governor, Antonio de Mendoza, commissioned the

Portuguese Juan Rodrigez Cabrillo to explore the western coastline further North. Still hoping to find a connection with either the Hudson Bay or St. Lawrence Bay.

1542

Cartier's 3rd Voyage ended

started in 1541
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Park National

Soon after Cartier's return in Charlesbourg-Royal it was attacked; several quick and short assaults by

St.Lawrence Iroquoians. Furthermore, during the winter the situation turned into a devastating status. The settlement was not going to stand the test of time; Cartier had no choice but to sail back to

France.

1542

Western Expedition ended

started in 1540
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Nat.Hist. Park
Caprock Canyon

Francisco De Coronado hung on to a last chance of finding riches; he was told of a wealthy settlement called Quivira. The party continued east and stayed in Cicuyé (Pecos

Pueblo); a fortified trading centre. They encountered Querecho

Apaches on the Llano Estacado before descending to the Caprock Canyons meeting with the Teya

Apaches. Continuing north-eastwards through Oklahoma into Kansas and after arriving in the supposed Quivira the

Coronado Expedition ended.

1542

Southern Expedition ended

started in 1539
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Caddo Gap

After the victory at Mavilla the battered

De Soto expedition travelled west through nowadays Mississippi and Arkansas all the way to Caddo Gap.

1542

Mixtón War ended

started in 1540
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Nochistlan

De Alvarado overestimated his force and attacked the

Chichimeca despite the fact that reinforcements were sent. Francisco Tenamaztle and Don Diego repulsed all consecutive attacks; De Alvarado died. The

Spanish Viceroy Mendoza went to the territory with an enormous army and after capturing all cities he finished the revolt by taking the last one. And even after the fall of Mixton the wrath of the Spanish was heartless and atrocious; they enslaved, tortured, executed...

1541

Cartier's 3rd Voyage

ended in 1542
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Museum (Ottawa)

Jean-Francois Roberval was ordered by the

French King Francis I to found a settlement, to proselytize the

St.Lawrence Iroquoians and to bring back all the wealth of the "Kingdom of Saguenay". He sent Cartier ahead who founded Charlesbourg-Royal close to

Stadacona (nowadays Quebec). When all seemed well, though doomy, Cartier started to explore the area of the Ottawa River.

1541

Santiago de Chile founded

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Museo Histórico

The

Spaniard Pedro de Valdivia founded 'Santiago del Nuevo Extremo' at the Mapocho river.

1540

Mixtón War

ended in 1542
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Mixton

With many soldiers gone (as part of the Coronado Expedition) people of the

Chichimeca tribes took their chance to rebel against the ruthless

Spanish power ("unprovoked killings, torture and enslavement"). After their first actions they took refuge in Mixton from where they repelled a Spanish attack ordered by Cristobal de Oñate; the Mixton War was a fact. Antonio de Mendoza, the

New Spain governor, commissioned Pedro de Alvarado to decisively end the rebellion.

1540

Western Expedition

ended in 1542
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Nat. Memorial
Kuaua Pueblo

A large

Spanish party (F.V. de Coronado) accompanied by assimilated

Aztecs departed to find the 7 cities of Cibola. They headed northwards into the White Mountain Western

Apache area of Arizona. Later, in Hawikuh (named Granada; a Cibola city?!) they put up a presidio from which they sent out smaller parties to explore

Pueblo (Zuni and Hopi) and

Navajo lands. Though, before winter was coming they headed east, reached the Rio Grande and met more

Puebloans (Sandia, Taos and Picurís); this encounter soon escalated into the Tiguex War.

1540

Battle of Mavilla

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Tuscaloosa

Succeeding the winter the

Spanish De Soto Expedition went North and after reaching nowadays Tennessee southwards again following the Natchez Trail. Relations with the

Tuscaloosa had grown all negative which resulted in the very bloody Battle of Mavila. Although de Soto was victorious the Expedition lost quite some men and resources.

1539

Southern Expedition

ended in 1542
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Monument

In the beginning Hernando de Soto tried to go the same route as the Narvaez Expedition. Because of this they encountered Juan Ortiz a

Spaniard who had lived with the

Timucua for more than a decade; he proved to be very important for the ongoing De Soto Expedition. Though, before continuing they camped in Apalachee (a

Muscogean tribe) lands for the winter.

1539

Ulloa's West Coast Expedition

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Gulf of California

With the intention to find a connection with the Gulf of St.Lawrence Francisco de Ulloa explored the western coast. The party of 3 vessels sailed from Acapulco northwards to the mouth of the nowadays called Colorado River and then all around the peninsula untill they had to go back because of the continuous harsh conditions. He never arrived in

New Spain and his death is accompanied with unclear circumstances.

1538

Sucre founded

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Sucre

The

Spaniard Pedro Anzures founded 'Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo' [nowadays Capital of Bolivia].

1538

Bogotá founded

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Bogotá

The

Spaniard Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded 'Nuestra señora de la Esperanza' [nowadays Bogotá Capital of Colombia].

1537

Asunción founded

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Asunción

The

Spaniard Juan de Salazar y Espinosa founded 'Nuestra Señora Santa Maria de la Asunción' [nowadays Capital of Paraguay].

1537

Portuguese founded Recife

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Recife

'Arrecife dos Navios' founded by the

Portuguese.

1536

East to West Expedition ended

started in 1527
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Panfilo de Narvaez died in a storm trying to go back to Cuba. His command was taken over by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and the party tried to continue westwards. Many died of illness or got killed whilst skirmishing with indigenous people. Though, de Vaca and only three others survived; they were taken captive and had to work as slaves for several years somewhere in nowadays southern Texas. They managed to escape and encountered

Spaniards in Sinaloa who guided them to Mexico-city.

1536

French 2nd Voyage ended

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Stadacona

Just before the weather turned cold they sailed back to Stadacona where they reluctantly had to stay for the winter. Before sailing back home in May Cartier kidnapped Sachem Donnacona to be brought to

France; thoughtlessly jeopardizing their so dearly built up relation with the

St.Lawrence Iroquoians.

1536

Buenos Aires founded

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Museo Histórico

The

Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founded 'Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre' at the mouth of the Matanza river.

1535

French explored a northern river

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Hochelaga

On Cartier's 2nd voyage he brought Donnacona's two son's back to the discovered lands. Sailing up the nowadays St.Lawrence river they reached Stadacona; a major village of the

St.Lawrence Iroquoians. Later, a smaller

French party went on to explore the river more southwest. Because of the many rapids ahead they had to turn at another

St.Lawrence Iroquoians village; the impressive Hochelaga.

1535

Ciudad de los Reyes founded

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Lima

The

Spanish founded Ciudad de los Reyes [nowadays Lima Capital of Peru].

1534

St. Francis of Quito founded

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Quito

The

Spanish founded Quito [nowadays Capital of Ecuador].

1534

Northern sea shores explored

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Gaspé

Cartier strongly believed he had soon achieved his main goal by sailing west on his 1st voyage: no doubt, he had reached Asian lands!? Most probably at Gaspé the party took two son's of Donnacona, a sachem of the

St.Lawrence Iroquoians they had met, to bring to

France as evidence for all the tales they wanted to tell.

1532

Portuguese founded São Vicente

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São Vicente

A first permanent settlement, 'Porto dos Escravos', founded by the

Portuguese Martim Afonso de Sousa.
Historians connotate: the 'Cellula Mater' of colonial

Portuguese Brazil.

1532

Conquest of the Incas

ended in 1572
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Cajamarca

A rather small party of

Spanish conquistadores under Francisco Pizarro headed south. At Cajamarca a meeting with Atahualpa was set up though it would not yet come to pass; the

Incas were ambushed and Atahualpa taken captive.

1532

Sapa Inca Atahualpa

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Cuzco

At the end of the

Inca Civil War, initiated by Huáscar, Atahualpa was victorious and became ruler of the whole realm. Though, he was going to be 'the last

Sapa Inca'; the

Spanish invasion had already started in the North.

1532

Huáscar defeated

started in 1529
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The

Inca Dynastic War, aka the

Inca Civil War, lasted for three years. Atahualpa was Victor.

1529

Inca Civil War

ended in 1532
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After living in peace as two

Sapa Inca Rulers for five years, Huáscar attacked the northern region. He imprisoned his brother, though Atahualpa broke out and assembled his armies.

1527

East to West Expedition

ended in 1536
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Panfilo de Narvaez left

Spain with about 600 men and after a few stops in the Carribean he went ashore in Florida. They soon lost quite some men (e.g. desertion) and a few ships because of a hurricane. After a joyfull meeting with the

Timucua their relation changed overtime. Before it turned really bad, the Expedition reached Apalachee lands. At first the

Spaniards overrun them, though the Apalachee (a

Muscogean tribe) continuously fought back and therefore Narvaez decided to break off the expedition.

1524

12th Sapa Inca Huáscar

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Cuzco

The legitimate heir Huáscar was to be

Sapa Inca in the southern region with Cuzco as its capital.

1524

12th Sapa Inca Atahualpa

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Quito

Atahualpa was to be

Sapa Inca of the northern region with Quito as its capital.

1524

Inca Empire divided

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Cuzco
Quito

Huayna Capac and his oldest son Ninan Coyuchi died of smallpox. The realm was divided:

Huáscar the South (Cuzco)
Atahualpa the North (Quito)

1524

Conquest of Maya Kingdoms

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Q'umarkaj
Iximche

The

Maya Kingdom of Kaqchikel had surrendered without bloodshed. Gifts were offered to the

Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado in order to prevent War. Moreover, the Lords of Iximche, capital of the Kaqchikel, offered

Maya Warriors to fight the other major

Maya Highland Kingdom of K'iche (capital: Q'umarkaj). The latter did not surrender in advance, though was slaughtered in the Quetzaltenango valley.

1524

French New Angoulême

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Statue

The

Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed for

France along the eastern coast northwards from Cape Fear to Narragansett Bay; he named it New Angoulême. The claim though was not backed up with militaristic forts, a trade centre or civil settlements.

1521

Aztecs defeated

started in 1519
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Mexico

Naturally the

Aztecs were with many more, though, despite this, the War was swift. The technological advancement in weaponry of the

Spanish was the main reason that the

Aztec Empire was swept away within two years.

1520

Navigational passage found

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Strait of Magellan

Navigational passage found by the

Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailing for

Spain. Magellan became the first to circumnavigate the entire world. A huge achievement thenadays, however, still though he was not well received because his reputation soon got disgraced by his crew.

1519

Conquest of the Aztecs

ended in 1521
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Mexico

At first the

Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés was welcomed by

Moctezuma II with gifts. Moreover, he was even invited to stay as a visitor in his palace. Tensions increased between the parties overtime, which resulted in war.

1519

Panama City founded

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Panama City

'Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Panamá' founded by Pedro Arias Dávila as the first

Spanish settlement on the Pacific side of the Americas. This junction would become a major hub; not only because of Militaristic Conquests (e.g. the Inca Empire) but as a node in future trade routes.

1519

Pineda Expedition

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Gulf of Mexico

The

Spaniard Alonso Álvarez de Pineda explored the whole coastline of the nowadays Gulf of Mexico. Although he was killed in battle towards the end of his expedition, his map had quite some importance. He had proved that Florida was not an island and, moreover at the time, that these waters were not connected with Asia; it was a very large bay.

1518

Port Royal founded

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Port Royal

Although the northern coast of Jamaica was already permanently colonized by the

Spanish in 1509, it was Port Royal which became an important trading centre and well-known (wild and interesting) place in the West-Indies.

Tainos were already subdued at the time.

1518

S.J. de Ulúa founded

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Veracruz

Juan de Grijalva founded San Juan de Ulúa on an island very close to the nowadays

Mexican coast on which a year later Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz was founded. quite some future expeditions started from this base; e.g. the

Spanish expedition which was going to conquer the

Aztec Empire.

1515

Havana founded

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Havana

From the first encounters in 1496 onwards the

Tainos were suppressed by the

Spanish. Though moreover, in 1510 Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, and his deputy Panfilo De Narvaez, started the conquest of Cuba subduing all inhabitants. At the end De Cuéllar founded 'Habana' close to Playa Mayabeque.

1513

Spanish reached the Pacific

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La Palma

From far on a high mountain to the north-east of La Palma [Panama] the

Spaniard Vasco Nunez de Balboa saw undiscovered waters; the Pacific Ocean was reached.

1513

Florida claimed

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Archaeology
Florida Keys

Juan Ponce de Leon sailed from Puerto Rico to the north-west. Was he looking for the 'Fountain of Youth'? Anyway, he made landfall and explored the eastern coastline southwards (to Florida Keys). On the western side of the peninsula they encountered hostile natives (the Calusa) and abandoned the lands they were exploring.

1511

Shipwrecked Spaniards ritually sacrificed

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Uxmal Yucatan
Apocalypto

Yucatan

Mayas captured shipwrecked

Spanish sailormen and soldiers. Shortly after, they were ritually sacrificed. Only two somehow managed to escape in time.

1510

Nombre de Dios founded

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Nombre de Dios

'The Name Of God' was founded by Diego de Nicuesa. During half a century Nombre de Dios was the major harbor in the transport route of silver; from the Potosi in Bolivia to

Spain.

1510

St. Maria la Antigua del Darién founded

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St. Maria del Darién

The first (temporarily though) succesfull

Spanish settlement on the New Continent. It was founded by Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

1508

San Juan; the rich port

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Puerto Rico

Two years earlier Juan Ponce de León had already made landfall (and had found lots and lots of gold) on this island; it was called Borinquen by its inhabitants (the

Tainos). He initially founded Caparra for

Spain. Some 18 years later the slightly replaced settlement was renamed into Puerto Rico.

1507

New World named America

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Mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller initially assumed that Amerigo Vespucci was the first to discover a New World and by honoring him he named it so. After realizing his mistake he rewrote his maps, though it was too late; the name America was already widespread in use.

1502

Nueva Cadiz founded

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Nueva Cadiz

Nueva Cadiz was built as a

Spanish Base on an island (nowadays Cubagua); an outpost on one hand for militaristic actions on the continent and on the other because of trade (lots of oyster beds). Some 40 years later it was completely abandoned.

1502

Tlatoani Moctezuma II

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Mexico City

Under the rule of the 9th

Tlatoani Moctezuma II and his predecessor Ahuitzotl the

Aztec Empire grew to its largest extend. The transport structure of the capital Tenochtitlán was comprised of streets and canals. And with its special temples and marketplaces in particular, the city surely must have been breathtaking to live in.

1502

The 2nd Portuguese Voyage

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Guanaba bay

The

Portuguese Manuel Lobo founded Colonia del Sacramento.

1500

Portuguese claimed 'Ilha de Vera Cruz'

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Porto Seguro

The

Portuguese Pedro Alvarez Cabral claimed 'The True Cross Island' when he made landfall near what is nowadays called Porto Seguro. His action was in a way the birth of Brazil.

1497

John Cabot claimed Newfoundland

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Newfoundland

Giovanni Caboto, an

Italian at the time living in

England, was commissioned by Henry VII to sail westwards to search for shorter trade routes.

1496

Santo Domingo founded

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Santo Domingo

The northeastern coast of Cuba and the northern coast of Hispaniola (nowadays Haïti and the Dominican Republic) were already explored by Chr. Columbus on his first voyage. Despite the foundation of earlier settlements (La Navidad & La Isabella), the city of Santo Domingo, founded by Bartholomew Columbus, would become 'the gateway to the Carribean' for the

Spanish. The relation with the several different

Taino tribes seemed to be doomy, though at peace.

1493

11th Sapa Inca Huayna Capac

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Machu Picchu

The Kingdom of Cuzco had during the previous centuries grown into an

Inca Empire. Though, it was however Huayna Capac who moreover continued his ancesters policy relentlessly; the

Inca Empire was going to grow enormously and on its peak it stretched from Quito (Equador) to Santiago (Chili).

1492

Caribbean 'discovered'

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San Salvador

The

Italian Christopher Columbus, commissioned by the

Spanish, sailed west to find a shortcut to Asia. Although the journey was not successful on that account, the landfall on Guanahani (which he named San Salvador) in the Bahamas, where a

Taino tribe lived, is considered the 'discovery of the Americas'.

1

→

Western NORTH AMERICA

Ute

Navajo

Puebloans

Apache

Comanche

Pawnee

←

2

→

Eastern NORTH AMERICA

St. L. Iroquoians

Tuscaloosa

Creek

Timucua

←

3

→

MIDDLE AMERICA

Taino

Maya

Aztec

Chichimeca

←

4

SOUTH AMERICA

Inca

Ute Civilization

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The

Utes (Pah-Utes, Gosh-Utes etc.) lived in the Great Basin; northwest of the four corners. It seems to be assumed that they were a

Shoshone tribe; if so, then absolutely, a major one.

Navajo Civilization

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The

Navajo lived southwest of the four corners. They and the

Apache had a similar language amongst other cultural aspects.

Pueblo Civilization

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The

Puebloans (i.e. Hopi, Zuni, Acoma, Tewa, Taos, Jemez, Sandia and Picurís) lived both in nowadays Arizona as well as in New Mexico (along the Rio Grande).

Apache Civilization

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The

Apache comprised separated tribes in the southern Rocky Mountains, the southern Great Plains and in western Texas. They and the

Navajo had a similar language amongst other cultural aspects.

Comanche Civilization

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The

Comanche were one of the first people who got possesion of horses; increasing their stature and allure. Originally, these horse lords lived in the southern parts of the Great Plains (nowadays mainly Texas).

Saint Lawrence Iroquoians

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The

St. Lawrence Iroquoians lived at the time ashore of the nowadays called St. Lawrence river.

Tuscaloosa Civilization

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A major tribe amongst those who exhibited the Mississipian culture; named after one of their historic leaders:

Tuscaloosa.

Creek Civilization

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Also commonly known as the

Muscogean. An Appalachian Mountain nation; their ancestral homelands reach from Tennessee to Georgia.

Timucua Civilization

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The highly ceremonial

Timucua lived in nowadays northern Florida and was sort of a confederacy of many local tribes.

Pawnee Civilization

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The ancestral homelands of the

Pawnee, the descendants of the stars, were the eastern central Great Plains (nowadays Kansas and Nebraska).

Chichimeca Civilization

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The

Chichimeca confederation contained eight major tribes which resided in the lower region of nowadays Mexico; between Mexico City and Texas.

Aztec Civilization

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The three paramount city states, Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan (aka the Aztec Triple Alliance), had developed in just a few centuries into a highly advanced cultural

Aztec Empire covering a large area in nowadays Mexico.

Maya Civilization

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One of the utmost long lasting empires of the (Middle) Americas. The

Mayan Civilization is best characterized as observers of Astronomy; this curiosity lead to an accurate Calendar System (with the use of highly advanced mathematics).

Taino Civilization

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The people of the islands; the

Taino. Widely spread over the nowadays called Caribbean, the Taino people were masters of coastal fishing.

Inca Civilization

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Machu Picchu

The massive Tawantinsuyu, the

Inca Empire, was the result of a combination of diplomatic and ferocious rule over several centuries. Especially during the period of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (who established an impressive royal estate; the Machu Picchu), Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna Capac.

New Spain

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Spain arrived in Middle America in 1492, established Presidios and Missions, proselytized and/or overpowered local nations, brought shiploads of gold and silver back to Europe and claimed lands as large as it was thought it would be.

New Portugal

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During the age of colonization

Portugal was active in North America [Labrador] and in South America [mainly Brazil and Uruguay].

New England

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The

English had a different policy. They brought, amongst soldiers, rather soon whole families to the New World. And yes, their initial settlements grew strong more rapidly; the fundament for their succes. Besides that, most often their diplomatic attitude towards local nations was fruitfull.

New France

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The

'Coureurs des bois' were very courageous people who soon after their arrival explored large regions of land. An excellent fur trade network was soon established; it reached at its pinnacle from the Canadian tundra's to as far south as the Mexican Bay.

New Netherlands

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The

Dutch established trading posts at 'de Noort- en zuydrivier' [in nowadays New York, New Jersey and Deleware] as well as in South America. And indeed, trade was successful in the beginning.

United States of America

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The mainly Anglophone inhabitants of the first 13 colonies in the New World felt after two centuries no real emotional connection with England anymore. This, in combination with high taxation on European products, made the urge to become independent grow. In 1776 a declaration was announced and a new country was born: the

United States of America.

development message:

The (post) CLASSIC ERA is not yet planned for construction

1900

2nd Formative &
Early Industrial

1800

Colonial Period
All America's

1500

200


f o r w a r d i n t i m e a SECOND FORMATIVE and an EARLY INDUSTRIAL period					f o r w a r d i n t i m e a SECOND FORMATIVE and an EARLY INDUSTRIAL period

		EASTERN NORTH AMERICA 1600 - 1800 EASTERN NORTH AMERICA 1600 - 1800		00
				99
				98
				97
				96			England again captured Dutch Colonies
				95
George Vancouver's Expeditions				94
				93
				92
				91
				90
				89
				88
				87
				86
				85
				84
				83			Essequibo & Demerara returned to the Dutch

'El Presidio Real de Santa Barbara'				82			France claimed Essequibo & Demerara

				81			Revolt of the Comuneros [Spanish New Granada]

							Privateers captured Essequibo & Demerara
				80
Spain defeated the Comanches				79
				78
				77			Venezuela sliced from Spanish New Granada

Presidio San Francisco	Domínguez Escalante expedition			76	The Battle of Nassau
Monterey colonization	Domínguez Escalante expedition			76	The Battle of Nassau

Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón				75

Exploration of Alta California				74
				73
	N.W.P. Samuel Hearne's 3rd Exp.			72			Porto Alegre founded by Azoreans
'Misión S. Gabriel Arcángel'				71

'Misión S. Carlos Carmelo'				70

'Misión & Presidio San Diego'				69
				68
				67
				66
				65
				64
				63
Treaty of Fontainebleau				62
				61
				60
Battle of the Twin Villages				59

Raid on San Saba				58
				57
				56
Henday's Expedition				55
Henday's Expedition				54
				53
				52
				51
1750					1750
				49
				48
Raid on Abiquiu		47
		46
		45			Demerara Colony established
		44
French explore Northern Gr. Plains (G. de la Verendrye)		43
French explore Northern Gr. Plains (G. de la Verendrye)		42
		41
New Spain planned a paramount connection Sonora -- California		40	New Spain planned a paramount connection Sonora -- California
		39	Viceroyalty of New Granada re-established
		38
		37
		36
		35
		34
		33
		32
		31
		30
		29
		28
		27
		26
		25
		24			Montevideo founded
		23			Fort Montevieu built by da Fonseca

					New Granada dismantled
		22
		21
Pawnee attacked the Villasur expedition		20
		19
'Misión S. A. de Valero' (aka the Alamo)		18	'Kings Pardon' offered to British pirates (Woodes Rogers)
		17			Viceroyalty of New Granada established
		16
		15
		14
		13
		12
		11
		10
		09
		08
		07
Gr. Plains Expedition (Juan De Ulibarrí)		06
		05
		04
		03
		02
		01
1700			1700
		99
		98
		97
		96
		95	Charles Town rebuilt & named Nassau
		94
		93
a Huge Alliance: Hopi, Apache, Navajo, Ute, Pah-ute & Comanche		92

Pueblo tribes again subdued by Spain			Earthquake demolished Port Royal
		91
		90
		89			French privateers destroyed Pomeroon
		88
La Salle's search for the Mississippi		87
		86
		85
Saint Louis [Texas] (Cavelier de La Salle)		84	Spanish destroyed Charles Town
		83
		82
		81			Colonia del Sacramento returned
Pueblo Revolt (religious leader Popé)		80			Colonia del Sacramento conquered

					Colonia del Sacramento founded
		79
		78
		77
		76
		75
		74
		73
		72
		71
		70	Charles Town New Providence [Bahamas]
		69
		68
		67			Willoughbyland Conquered [nowadays Suriname]
		66
		65			Essequibo, Pomeroon & Berbice Conquered
		64			Cayenne conquered
		63
		62
		61
		60	Anglo-Spanish War
		59
		58
		57
		56			Cayenne refounded as a Dutch Colony
		55
		54			Northern Brazil Portuguese again
		53
		52
		51
		50			Pomeroon Colony (2nd attempt)

					Willoughbyland
1650			1650
		49			Portuguese reconquer Dutch Brazil Portuguese Campaign against New Holland
		48
		47
		46
		45
		44
		43			Brouwershaven [in Valdivia; Chile]

					Cayenne founded (C.P. de Brétigny)
		42
pinnacle of friction: Franciscans vs. De Rosas		41			Pinnacle of New Holland aka Dutch Brazil Dutch attacked Northern Brazil (2nd attempt)
		40
		39
		38
De Rosas Expedition enslaved Ute warriors		37
		36
		35
		34
		33
		32
		31
		30
		29
		28	Piet Hein captured a Treasure Fleet
		27			Berbice Colony founded
		26
		25			Iberian Union recaptured São Salvador [Brazil]
		24			Dutch captured São Salvador de Bahia
		23			'Het Groot Desseyn' a major plan designed
		22
		21
		20
		19
		18
		17
		16			Essequibo Colony 'Fort kijk-over-al' built (Joost v/d Hooge)
		15			Saint-Louis conquered renamed São Luís [Brazil]
		14
		13
		12			Saint-Louis founded (De la Ravardière)
		11
Santa Fé (Don P. de Peralta)		10
		09
		08
		07
		06
		05
		04
		03
		02
		01
		00
1600					1600
Acoma massacres				99
'Nuevo Mejico' (Juan de Oñate)				98
				97
				96			Pomeroon Colony Destroyed
				95			looking for El Dorado (Sir Walter Raleigh)
				94
				93
				92
				91
				90	Chichimeca War ended Chichimeca War
		Roanoke; a lost colony		89
				88
		John White's Roanoke		87
				86
		Ralph Lane's Roanoke		85

		A survey expedition (Sir Walter Raleigh)		84
				83
				82
				81			Pomeroon Colony founded
				80
English claimed Nova Albion (Sir Francis Drake)				79
				78
				77
				76
1575						1575
				74
				73
				72				Spain conquered the Inca Empire Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
				71
				70
				69			São José do Rio Negro founded
				68		Battle of S.J. de Ulúa
				67			Caracas founded
				66
		massacre at Matanzas		65
		Fort Carolina destroyed
		Florida reclaimed St. Augustine founded (Pedro M. de Avilés)					Rio de Janeiro founded
				64
				63
		French claimed La Florida (Jean Ribault)		62
				61			Santa Cruz de la Sierra founded

				60			F. Coligny destroyed
				59
				58
				57
				56
				55			Fort Coligny

				54			São Paulo founded
				53
				52
				51
				50

1550					1550
				49			São Salvador de Bahia founded

				48			N. Señora de La Paz founded
				47
				46
				45
				44
				43
West Coast Exploration (Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo)				42	West Coast Exploration (Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo)

Western Expedition (Francisco de Coronado)		Southern Expedition (H. de Soto)	3rd French Voyage (J. Cartier)		Mixtón War (Francisco Tenamaztle)
			3rd French Voyage (J. Cartier)	41			Santiago de Chile
				40
				40
				39	West Coast Exploration (Francisco de Ulloa)
				38			Plata de la Nueva Toledo founded

							N. Señora de la Esperanza founded

				37			Santa Maria de la Asunción

							Recife founded

	East to West Expedition ended East to West Expedition (Panfilo de Narvaez)		2nd French Voyage (J. Cartier)	36			Buen Ayre

				35			'Ciudad de los Reyes' founded

			1st French Voyage (J. Cartier)	34			St. Francis of Quito founded
				33
				32			São Vicente founded

							Atahualpa Sapa Inca

							Huáscar defeated Inca Civil War
				31
				30
				29
				28
				27
				26
1525					1525
		French New Angoulême (Giovanni da Verrazzano)		24	Conquest of the Highland Maya's [Guatamala]		Inca Empire divided (Huáscar & Atahualpa)
				23
				22
				21	Aztecs defeated Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés)
				20			Navigational passage (Ferdinand Magellan)
				19

					Panama City founded

					Pineda expedition
				18	S.J. de Ulúa & Veracruz [Mexico]	Port Royal founded [Jamaica]
				17
				16
				15	Havana founded [Cuba]
				14
		Florida claimed (Juan Ponce de Leon)		13	The Pacific reached (Vasco N. de Balboa)
				12
				11	shipwrecked Spaniards ritually sacrificed by Yucatan Mayas
				10	St. Maria del Darién [Colombia]	Nombre de Dios [Panama]
				09
				08	San Juan founded [Puerto Rico]
New World named America (in honour of Amerigo Vespucci)				07	New World named America (in honour of Amerigo Vespucci)
				06
				05
				04
				03
				02	Moctezuma II Tlatoani		Spanish founded Nueva Cadiz [Venezuela]
				01
				00			Portugal claimed 'The True Cross Island' (Pedro Alvarez Cabral)
1500					1500
				99
				98
		English claimed Newfoundland (John Cabot)		97
				96	Santo Domingo [Hispaniola]
				95
				94
				93			Huayna Capac Sapa Inca
				92	Caribbean 'discovered' [Bahamas]

Ute	St.L. Iroquoians	Chichimeca
Navajo	Tuscaloosa	Aztecs
Puebloans	Creek	Mayas
Apache	Timucua	Taino
Comanche	Pawnee	Incas

New Spain	New England	New Netherlands
New Portugal	New France	US of America