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President Theodore Roosevelt was active on global political level. He actually had a significant role in the tendency of the war between Russia and Japan and was consequently appointed as the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. Furthermore, Roosevelt established quite some goodwill; f.e. he increased the number of National Parks drastically.

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Battleground

The

USA underestimated the

Ojibwe to which an expedition was organised with the intention to capture Bugonaygeshig (aka Hole-In-The-Day).

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US Capitol

President McKinley focussed on foreign policies; the USA wanted an independent Cuba which accumulated into a war with Spain.

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US Capitol

On President Grover Cleveland's second term he dealt with an empty Treasury and had to make disfavored policies.

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Headquarters
Sierra Club

Although the Sierra Club is only active in the

USA, all human beings should be concerned about the wellfare of our children's future. And rightfully so!

Motto:   explore, enjoy & protect the planet.

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The National

American Woman Suffrage Association was more than the name told us. Yes, primarily it was indeed unthinkable that a woman had not the same rights concerning (political) voting. But there was more. The NAWSA stood up for all equal rights; no abuse, no mistreatment, no suppression ... and more.

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US Capitol

President Benjamin Harrison concentrated on naval expansion (both militaristic as well as for domestic lines) and protected trade and commerce by signing the Sherman-Anti-Trust Act.

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With the enactment of the Hatch Act funds were made available in order to stimulate Agricultural Experiment Stations to boost science in associated subjects.

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When almost all First Nations were submitted mainly by means of war and suppression, it was time for a policy change: assimilation.
"An Act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations, and to extend the protection of the laws of the

United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for other purposes."

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US Capitol

President Grover Cleveland was convinced he had to cut on government expenditure. Even when special aid was requested by those groups who were stricken by a natural calamity.

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The

USA signed this act into law which stated that Chinese laborers were not allowed to immigrate, whilst Chinese scientists, teachers, diplomats and traders (and more?) were still welcome.

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US Capitol

President Chester A Arthur reformed Civil Service. Whereas formerly governmental positions were given to 'friends', assignment should be based on value and excellence; the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (a prelude to Meritocracy).

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US Capitol

President James A Garfield did not accept corruption; not from the people and not from politicians. This policy, combined with the style he adhered to execute it, gave the title of President again more dignity and stature.

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Although scientific development had already gained a momentum, it was always a challenge to find the best practical (and thereby commercial) solution. Thomas Edison was very good at precisely that; his light bulb was an outstanding example.

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Menlo Park

A sound was captured via a diaphragm electromagnetically, transported electronically, transformed electromagnetically to a needle making it vibrate and these vibrations were scratched into a constantly rolling tin-foiled cylinder; alltogether the recording part. The recorded medium could later be replayed with the same principle vice versa. Thomas Edison was proud of his 'baby', and rightfully so. Although he admitted that he had put together brilliant ideas by others.

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B&O Museum

When wages were lowered for a few times within a year, railroad workers in many states went out on strike. It came to clashes with workforces of the ruling authorities in which more than hundred workers died.

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US Capitol

President Rutherford B. Hayes reformed the Civil Service system, gave southern states more authorization concerning self-government and hoped hereby that a new Republican Party was going to grow in the South.

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US Patent Office

The telephone was for the last decade being improved in Europe as well as in the USA. In the

USA Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both filed on the same day a request for a patent. Details about these goings on brought about a tendency of an unclear situation.

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The hugely underdeveloped

USA (especially in the west) was in need of labourers. This, combined with the Californian Gold Rush a few decades ago, was answered by many European and Asian immigrants. An exceptionally large surplus of men resulted in an increase in demand for prostitution. With the Page Act the Federal Government wanted to tackle the course of events; 'undesirable persons' were not allowed to immigrate. Chinese women were included (?!) because the general assumption was that they worked involuntarily.

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The rights of African-descendant

Americans were still violated. This Civil Rights Act was enacted to emphasize and enforce the protection right of all citizens; all gained access to public transport as well as to accommodation. Furthermore, they gained the right to serve on a jury in a Courthouse.

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Colfax

An attack on African-descendant

Americans in the Grant Parish Colfax Courthouse [in Louisiana] by white fusionists, turned into a sorrowful massacre.

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US Mint

The Seated Liberty Dollar (silver) ceased to be produced. The coin was designed by Christian Gobrecht and was minted from 1840 onwards. It was replaced by the silver Trade Dollar designed by William Barber. This was a larger coin as the price of silver had dropped over the years. It also caused a short revival of the Gold Dollar.

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Boston fire Museum

A disaster.

A huge fire raged in a non-residential area for two days.

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An influenza outbreak expanded from east to west. Although humans were not affected directly, horses and mules (unthinkable part of the economic basics at the time) got really ill.

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Menlo Park

The phonograph:   a sound was captured via a horn electromagnetically, transformed electronically through a wire to a needle, needle vibrations were scratched into a tin-foil (the recording part) and which could later be replayed with the same principle. Thomas Edison was proud of his 'baby'; and rightfully so. Although he admitted that he had put together brilliant idea's by others, it was he who actually made it work (and was able to commercialize this invention).

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Chicago

A disaster.

Hundreds of people died and more than one hundred thousand citizens became homeless.

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A right to vote for

USA citizens.

Note the discriminatory fact that females were not counted as citizens?!

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NY SE

An illegitimate action by speculators caused the price for gold to rise; a widespread panic took hold of the New York Stock Exchange.

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Promontory

From the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west: from Baltimore via railroad to Wheeling [West Virginia], via the Ohio River to Fort Defiance [on the border triangle of Ohio, Kentucky and Missouri], via the Mississippi River to St. Louis, via the Missouri River to Council Bluffs and via railroad to the Oakland Long Wharf in San Francisco.

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US Capitol

The war hero, Ulysses S. Grant, was elected as President. During his term the 15th amendment (voting rights for former slaves) was enacted and the Wiskey Ring Scandal was coped with.

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Issues and statements in the CRB '66 were used to amend the Constitution; the Bill of Rights was extended and became law in all states, citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the

USA and equal protection rights. Unfortunately, it did not work as a button to be pushed. No, it was going to take years and years as in the South 'black codes' started to circulate and the Ku Klux Klan, founded in '65, was terrorizing, intimidating, battering and even killing mainly African-descendant

Americans.

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"all persons born in the United States, were hereby declared to be citizens of the

United States." At the time a still discriminative Bill because

American Natives were explicitly excluded.

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The war ended when the last

Confederate General, the

Cherokee born Degataga (aka Stand Watie), surrendered.

The losses on both sides were unbelievably huge; many, very many civilians and soldiers had died or got wounded.

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US Capitol

President Andrew Johnson thought of the reconstruction of the South differently. The radical Republicans openly opposed to Johnson's policies; there was not enough focus on pre war issues. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which Johnson tried to veto. It developed into the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Ford's Theatre
White House

When the

Confederate General Robert E. Lee had officially surrendered in the Appomattox Court House [Virginia],

President Abraham Lincoln immediately increased focus on the reconstruction of the South (which he had started already in 1863); a President indeed for all citizens! Bizarrely, when enjoying a play not even a week later, he was murdered...

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West Virginia
Charleston (C)

The valley west of the Monongahela National Forest, heretofore known as Allegheny Counties (part of the State Virginia), became an official

state.

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President Abraham Lincoln anounced, signed and proclaimed that all African-descendant people in the Confederate States became FREE

American citizens. An act which would, only with alternating between nadirs and pinnacles, stand the test of time.

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And again, an advancement concerning communication. Almost instantly a message could be sent from the eastern network to California. The short-lived Pony Express became a cultural nostalgia.

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Fort Sumter

Some more slave-holding-states joined the

Confederacy and when they took Fort Sumter [Charlestown; South Carolina] the Civil War was at hand.

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US Capitol

The first Republican President in the

USA. Abraham Lincoln was decisive and warned the South that the situation as it was could easily escalate into a Civil War. Unfortunately it was going to be unpreventable. During the war President Lincoln continued focus on emancipation rights.

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The friction between free-states and slave-holding-states was unsustainable. Southern slave-holding-states, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina and Florida, unbounded themselves from the

USA and formed the

Confederate States.

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Communication with people living in California took almost two months until the Pony Express came into action. A route of fast riding substituted horsemen brought mail from St. Joseph [Missouri] to San Francisco in just 10 days.

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With a cartridge capacity of 16 bullets this rifle, designed by Benjamin T. Henry, really made a difference.

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The Parrott Field Cannon was developed and produced by the director of the West Point Foundry. The less heavier types were frequently going to be used in the upcoming Civil War by both sides.

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Minnesota
St. Paul (C)
Minneapolis

The region bordering the north with

Canada, west of the Mississippi River, the St. Croix River and Lake Superior, heretofore known as part of the Minnesota Territory, became an official

state.

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Big Cypress Swamp

A long lasting resistance came to an end; the 'Alligator Chief', Billy Bowlegs laid down his arms. The

Seminoles had no choice but to go to Indian Territory [nowadays Oklahoma].

And again, some stayed hidden in the Big Cypress Swamp...

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US Capitol

President James Buchanan at first had the opinion that slavery could be banned legally; the Dred-Scott decision stated otherwise. He wanted to admit Kansas as a (slave) state, saw the Democratic Party being split up and hoped for a compromise with secessionist leaders.

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Meucci Museum

A sound was captured via a vibrating diaphragm electromagnetically, transformed electronically through a wire, vice versa electromagnetically vibrating a diaphragm at another location and heard at that spot instantly.
Retroactively, the

Italian born, Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci was honored for his contribution (read: possibly the invention of). In 1861 the

German Johann Philipp Reis invented the 'Make-and-break' telephone.

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The remaining

Seminoles still refused to approve with removal; another war with the

USA troopers was at hand. Minor skirmishes ranging to serieus raids took place in the southwestern region of Florida (the Everglades and the Tampa region).

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Chicago

Originally founded in 1768 in Edinburgh [Scotland] Encyclopædia Britannica was with its 8th edition for the primary time sold in North America.

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US Capitol

President Franklin Pierce repealed the Missouri Compromise, replaced it by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, expanded by buying a huge area of land [the Gadsden Purchase] and acclaimed an east-to-west connection by train. The downside was the stirring up of the slavery question with the 'Kansas Bleeding' as its nadir.

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B&O Museum
Wheeling

A major achievement in the Into-The-West History of the

USA; a railroad connection from Baltimore at the Atlantic Ocean, via Cumberland, to Wheeling at the Ohio River. It caused another colonisation pinnacle; like the Great Migration in 1843.

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US Capitol

President Millard Fillmore signed the Fugitive Slave Act.

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US Capitol

President Zachary Taylor stood up against the southern leaders who had threatened with secession; he would not accept rebellion against the Union.

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Wisconsin
Madison (C)
Milwaukee

The region with in the north the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, east of the Mississippi River and west of Lake Michigan, heretofore known as part of the Wisconsin Territory, became an official

state.

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Iowa
Des Moines (C)

The region horizontally wrapped between the Missouri River in the west and the Mississipi River in the east, heretofore known as part of the Iowa Territory, became an official

state.

The remaining huge part of the Iowa Territory was still unorganized territory.

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US Capitol

During the term of President James Polk quite some expansion was achieved in the west, either by diplomacy or war.

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Florida
Tallahassee (C)
Jacksonville

The quite large southeastern peninsula with a western panhandle, heretofore known as the Florida Territory, became an official

state.

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A joyful Whig-party message was telegraphed from Baltimore to Washington DC in 1844; the single-wire-line was established in a Joint Venture with B&O.

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A coded textual message was captured with ticks, transformed electromagnetically, transported electronically to another location and uncoded there using the same techniques.
When, especially in Europe, a lot of scientists were making efforts and developments on the subject of Electromagnetism, the

American Samuel Morse used this concept to make a single-wire-telegraph.
Note: the for

Russia working,

Germany born, Pavel Schilling invented the needle-driven multi-wire telegraph in 1832.

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Trails Association

A harsh and serious depression ('37 to '44) was affecting life in the

USA. The unsettled west coast regions though were defined as a paradise; many pioneers and settlers joined the long wagontrains to go into the west.

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On several occasions during this 2nd war

Seminole people were shipped to New Orleans to be relocated in Indian Territory. Most of them between '38 and the end of '43; a trail of

Seminole blood and tears.

Not all of them were taken; some stayed hidden in the Everglades...

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US Capitol

President John Tyler protected manufacturers, ended a Canadian border dispute and annexed Texas.

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US Capitol

President William Harrison won the election for the Whig party. He died within a month after his inauguration.

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Under much pressure of USA officials, supported by 7000 troops, the

Cherokee people started their unwanted removal in 1838; despaired and disconsolated they lost family and friends...

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The

Chickasaw gathered together in 1837 on the Cotton Gin to Memphis road. The walk to the promised lands west of the Mississippi was too much for most of them; a disastrous event was going to take place.

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Park

Considered as the last battle in the 2nd Seminole war; it actually comprised two occurences. On the first the

Seminoles surprised Lt. Powell in an ambush. Later, within ten days though, Jesup's Battle would take place in which the

USA troops were able to outflank the Seminoles.

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Lake Okeechobee

A revival of

Seminole resistance. The battle fought again on a swamp was claimed victorious by both opponents. The

USA losses were huge (so to say, a tactical Seminole victory), though on the other hand Major General Thomas Jesup (and Colonel Zachary Taylor) succeeded in pushing the opponents further South into the Everglades (a strategic USA victory).

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US Capitol

President Martin van Buren tried to remedy the crisis with deflationary policies, though, the result was quite the opposite as the panic worsened.

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Hobdy's Bridge

After the slaughter of

Creek men, women and children at Hobdy's Bridge, all was lost. The remaining Creek started to go to west; to Indian Territory [nowadays Oklahoma]. For decades many of the

Creeks had fought as allies for the

USA.

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Michigan
Lansing (C)
Detroit

Two huge landmasses pointing from the south into the Great Lakes, heretofore known as the Michigan Territory, became an official

state.

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Green Swamp

In a way comprised of several battles. A very difficult fight in the marshes was at hand on the 21st of November. At the end the

USA troops, led by General Call, pushed the

Seminoles back. A turning point in the 2nd Seminole War? Some Seminoles actually did surrender in 1837.

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Arkansas
Little Rock (C)

The region mainly north and south of the Arkansas River, though west of the Mississippi River, heretofore known as the Arkansas Territory, became an official

state.

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Trails Association

Although the trail was for a large part already in use by traders and pioneers for years, it was 1836 that the very first wagon took of from Independence [Missouri].

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Roanoke AL

Many of the

Creek people in Alabama resisted to be relocated in Oklahoma, which resulted in the Creek Uprising. Fighting was still fierce.

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New Echota

The Treaty of New Echota was signed by a delegation who represented only a very small faction of the

Cherokee people. Half a century prior to this event, the

Cherokee had fought with the

USA in a two decade war; grievances surely still existed.

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Battlefield

A reinforcement group of

USA troopers on the march to Fort King was ambushed by

Seminoles; the actual start of the 2nd Seminole War.

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A first version of a cylinder and one-barrel revolving hand-gun was made. The

American Samuel Colt travelled to Britain to get it patented.

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The federal capital connected with Baltimore; the Washington Branch. The route was a decade later used for the first telegraph line.

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A small group of

Seminoles, those who lived in the panhandle of Florida, were induced to move westwards. All others fled southeastwards into the Florida peninsula.

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The survivors of the last group of

Choctaw people that had departed from lands east of the Mississippi River, arrived in Oklahoma with almost nothing but tears; many members died on this forced removal.

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The chiefs signed the treaty under pressure by the USA officials; all lands were ceded and all

Chickasaw people complied to be moved.

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The forced removal of

Seminole people was proclaimed by the Treaty of Payne's Landing.

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The

Sauk leader, Black Hawk, with quite some

Meskwaki people wanted to continue life on their ancestral lands; the

USA was not going to allow this to happen, formed a militia and opened fire. A war started in which Black Hawk got help from some

Potawatomi and

Ho-Chunk.

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The treaty of Cusseta stated that the in Alabama still remaining

Creek people had to move to Indian Territory; all lands were ceded.

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The DeWitt Clinton steam locomotive was built by West Point Foundry and put into labour to connect the Mohawk River in Schenectady with the Hudson River in Albany.

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The forced removal of

Choctaw people was proclaimed by the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. The first group started their journey in November.

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State Park

Many, very many people died in this disastrous decade in

USA history.
Trail of Tears of the    

CHOCTAW
Trail of Tears of the    

SEMINOLE
Trail of Tears of the    

CREEK
Trail of Tears of the    

CHICKASAW
Trail of Tears of the    

CHEROKEE

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Locomotive Museum

The first steam locomotive, The Best Friend of Charleston, pulled passenger cabins over a length of approximately 10Km.

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B&O Museum

A horse pulled train, the Tom Thumb, from Baltimore up and down to Ellicott (the first part of the line to Ohio) was put into action for freight and passengers.

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The Indian Removal Act was enacted to force The Five Civilizations to move to an Indian Territory (in nowadays Oklahoma).

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The first steamtrain, the Stourbridge Lion, was imported from England and tested.

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US Capitol

During the term of President Andrew Jackson the already started factionalism resulted in two major parties: the Democratic Republicans (Jacksonians) versus the National Republicans (Whigs). The economy crashed when the second bank of the USA was destroyed.

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Winnebago Society

Red Bird, a prominent

Ho-Chunk warrior, was held responsible for killing

USA civilians; he died in prison before a trial took place.

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The treaty of Washington stated that much of the

Creek lands were ceded to the USA. It was signed by Opothleyahola.

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Museum

A treaty signed by several tribes of the

Ho-Chunk, the

Sioux, the

Meskwaki, the

Sauk, the

ojibwe, the

Potawatomi, the

Odawa and

USA officials about peace and the allocation of lands.

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US Capitol

President John Quincy Adams was especially known for advancing the infrastructure and for focussing on Art and Science. On the other hand he had to cope with sectionalism and consequently factionalism.

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Trail Monument

William Becknell established an East to Southwest trade route. For more than half a century many traders, settlers, gold diggers and more would benefit from the trail that he had marked.

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Missouri
Jefferson City (C)
Kansas City

The region mainly north and south of the Missouri River, though west of the Mississippi River, heretofore known as part of the Missouri Territory, became an official

state.

The remaining huge part of the Missouri Territory was renamed into the Iowa Territory and unorganized territory.

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Maine
Augusta (C)
Portland

The utmost northeastern region bordering

Canada, heretofore known as the District of Maine (part of Massachusetts), became an official

state.

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The compromise consisted of two parts. The first part was about maintaining the balance. Missouri was allowed to admit as a slave state to the

USA, if and only if Maine was added as a free state. Secondly, slavery was prohibited north of the 36th parallel.

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Alabama
Montgomery (C)
Birmingham

The horizontally enclosed region between Mississippi and Georgia, heretofore known as the Alabama Territory, became an official

state.

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The part, mainly south of the 36th parallel, of the Missouri Territory which approximately comprises nowadays Arkansas and Oklahoma was defined as the Arkansas Territory.

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In the eastern USA theatre it meant the end of

Spanish presence; Florida was ceded to the

US of America.

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Illinois
Springfield (C)
Chicago

The region east of the Mississippi River and northwest of the Wabash River, heretofore known as part of the Illinois Territory, became an official

state.

started in 1817
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When the

Spanish gave up resistence in the area of West-Florida (they surrendered Fort Barrancas), the remaining

Seminole people were driven further south.

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Museum

The West Point Foundry Assoctiation started to cast iron and was going to produce on request. Focus was on militaristic items.

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Mississippi
Jackson (C)

The region north of the Gulf of Mexico and directly east of the Mississippi River, heretofore known as the Mississippi Territory, became an official

state.

ended in 1818
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The USA General Andrew Jackson undertook expeditions into

Spanish Florida with the intention to attack the

Seminoles and capture African-descendant people of whom he thought they were owned by the

USA.

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Harvard

Historians have the opinion that two issues are important concerning or since its foundation. On one hand the fact that it was initially made possible by the funds of a slaveholder and on the other the fact that it never closed (not even during the American Civil War) of which the latter of the two indeed was quite a succesfull achievement. The Law School transformed into Harvard University over the years.

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Great Lakes

After the end of the War of 1812 the

US of America and

Britain signed a treaty about the actual presence of naval units in the Great Lakes.

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US Capitol

President John Monroe made the House of Congress stronger by selecting geographically, caused an 'Era of Goodfeelings', participated in the Missouri Compromise and left a stamp in history: the Monroe Doctrine.