1000-1300; EUROPE; west & north

1328

1st WAR of Scottish independence ended

started in 1296
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War Monument

The WAR ended when the

Scots were victorious in the Battle of Stanhope Park.

1307

King Edward II, Carnarvon

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Edward II, Carnarvon crowned King of

England.

1306

King Robert I, the Bruce

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Outlaw King
Civilization VI

Robert the Bruce crowned King of

Scotland.

a Strategy Game: Civilization VI

Civilization VI
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Robert The Bruce leads

Scotland.

1305

Franco-Flemish WAR ended

started in 1297
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Douai

King Philip IV of

France was victorious and

Flanders had to agree to concede e.g. Lille, Douai and Béthune. Furthermore, Flanders remainded a French feudal state, despite that, its citizens still felt confident and independent.

1305

King Louis I

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Pamplona

Louis I crowned King of

Navarre. He was going to be King Louis X of

France in 1314.

1303

Gascony WAR ended

started in 1294
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Bayonne

The

English fought unsuccessfully to regain

Gascony. Though, despite the

French victory it became an

English Duchy again in 1303; mainly because Edward Longshanks agreed to submit to Philip IV as his feudal lord.

1302

Sultan Muhammad III

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al-Hamrã

Muhammad III Sultan of

Granada.

1301

Guardian John de Soules

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Guardian John de Soules ruled the

Scots.

1299

King Haakon V, Magnusson

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During his reign the 'Akershus Festning' was built and hence moving royal functions from Bergen to Oslo.

1298

Guardian John III Comyn

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Guardian John Comyn ruled the

Scots.

1297

Franco - Flemish WAR

ended in 1305
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Montagne-du-Nord

Start of

Flanders War of Liberation.

Flanders was economically thriving for many decades because of its position on the crossroads of trade routes. Because of its wealth and strength, in which it was compared with

France at least equal, it had an independent charisma.

1297

Guardian William Wallace

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War Monument
Braveheart

Guardian William Wallace ruled the

Scots.

1296

1st WAR of Scottish independence

ended in 1328
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Stirling
Braveheart

The

Scots fought for freedom not accepting Edward Longshanks as Overlord. After the abdication of King John Balliol

Scotland was ruled by:
1297 - 1298 ;   Guardian William Wallace
1298 - 1303 ;   Guardian John Comyn
1301 - 1304 ;   Guardian John de Soules

1296

WAR of the Outlaws ended

started in 1289
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The war of the Outlaws ended

1296

Count John I

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John was brought up in

England because of his betrothal to Elizabeth, daughter of King Edward Longshanks.

1296

Conspiracy against Floris V

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Muiderslot

It was

Edward Longshanks and

Guy of Dampierre who conspired to have

Floris V kidnapped in 'het Muiderslot' by his own vassals. Peasants came to free him when he was to be taken to

England, though it ended worse;

Floris V was murdered.

1296

England invaded Scotland

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Berwick

King Edward Longshanks invaded

Scotland because of the Auld Alliance that the

Scots had signed with

France with which the English were already at war.

1295

Battle of Iznalloz

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Iznalloz

And again

Castilian and

Leónese forces were defeated by Sultan Muhammad II of

Granada.

1295

Auld Alliance

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A declaratian of (old) alliance:

Scotland &

France.
At this time not only the

Scottish people but also the major Lords and even King John Balliol openly opposed the

English Lordship over

Scotland.

1295

King Ferdinand IV, the Summoned

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Museo León

Ferdinand was crowned King of

Castile (and Count of

León).

1295

King Ferdinand IV, the Summoned

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Museo León

Ferdinand was crowned both; King of

Castile and

León.

1294

Gascony WAR

ended in 1303
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Bordeaux

The

English were determined to regain

Gascony.

1292

King John Balliol

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Scone

John Balliol was chosen King of the

Scots. Though, as a vassal-state of

England with which the

Scottish people could not agree.

1292

Great Cause ended

started in 1290
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Orkney

The Great Cause ended with a rather unwanted event for the

Scots. The King of

England, Edward Longshanks, took the chance and proclaimed Lordship over

Scotland when he got Bruce and Balliol on his side.

1291

King James II, the Just

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Jaca

James II crowned King of Valencia and

Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

1290

Great Cause

ended in 1292
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Orkney

Queen Margaret of

Scotland, with

Norwegian blood, died on Orkney. Lord Robert the Bruce and Lord John Balliol were the two main pretenders amongst several others (e.g. Floris V of

Holland).

1290

King Birger Magnusson

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Birger Magnusson King of

Sweden.

1289

WAR of the Outlaws

ended in 1296
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Danish against

Danish outlaws &

Norway.

1287

St. Lucia's flood

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A disaster

Many people were cought by surprise and didn't survive this disaster.

1286

Queen Margaret

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Margaret Maid of

Norway, a 3 year old child at the time, inherited the title Queen of

Scots.

1286

King Eric VI, Menved

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He had financial problems, mainly because of his own doings.

1285

King Philip IV, the Fair

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Knightfall

Also known as 'le Roi de fer'; due to his character his reign had bureaucratic aspects.

1285

King Alfonso III of Aragón

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Jaca

Alfonso III crowned King of Valencia and

Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

1284

King Sancho IV, the Brave

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Museo León

Sancho was crowned King of

Castile (and Count of

León).

1284

King Sancho IV, the Brave

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Museo León

Sancho was crowned both; King of

Castile and

León.

1280

Battle of Moclín

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Moclín

A

Castilian and

Leónese army had to endure heavy losses when it was lured into a trap by Sultan Muhammad II of

Granada.

1280

King Eric II, Priest-Hater

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Eric Magnusson's main issue was the 'War of the Outlaws'.

1279

King Denis of Portugal

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Denis, the poet, was going to be King of

Portugal for almost half a century during which a great economic advancement was achieved; he had focussed on production (e.g. mines) as well as on agriculture. Furthermore, his poetry was well received.

1279

Siege of Algeciras

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Algeciras

For centuries Algeciras (and of course its harbour) was used as the gateway to al-Andalus and therefore strategically important to all parties involved. The

Castilian and

Leónese forces started to besiege the Muslim city in 1278 (at the same time the fleet arrived). The long lasting siege was not successful because the

Moroccan and

Granadian defenders were constantly resupplied, whereas the attackers started to suffer illnesses.

1278

Naval Battle of Algeciras

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Bay of Gibraltar

Just off the coast at Algeciras the

Castilian and

Leónese fleet, sent from Seville to block the opponents ships, was almost completely destroyed by a fleet of

Morocco (combined with some 12 ships sent by the Emirate of

Granada).

1276

King Peter III of Aragón

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Jaca

Peter III crowned King of Valencia and

Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

1275

Battle of Martos

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Torredonjimeno

At this battle the forces from

Castile and

León were (again) decisively defeated by the combined armies of the Emirate of

Granada and

Morocco.

1275

Battle of Écija

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Écija

The Emirate of

Granada was frequently targetted by raiding parties. When Muhammad II had called for aid from

Morocco, his request was positively answered. A strong Army marched north and was halted by forces from

Castile and

León. A battle took place near Écija in which the Muslim armies were victorious.

1275

King Magnus III Birgersson

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Magnus Birgersson King of

Sweden.

1274

Queen Joan I

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Pamplona

Joan I crowned Queen of

Navarre. She was to become Queen consort of King Philip IV of

France as she maried him in 1285.

1273

Sultan Muhammad II al-Faqih

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Granada

Muhammad al-Faqih Sultan of

Granada.

1272

King Edward I, Longshanks

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Westminster

Edward I Longshanks reformed royal administration and common law. Because of his unwanted actions in

Scotland he was also called the Hammer of the

Scots.

1270

King Philip III, the bold

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Knightfall

Philip III King of

France.

1270

King Henry I

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Pamplona

Henry I crowned King of

Navarre.

1269

End of the Almohad Caliphate

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Marrakesh

Idris al-Wathiq died in Marrakesh [Morocco].
History connotates: it marked the end of the

Almohad Caliphate. It was overthrown by the Marinids; the new rising Sultanate in Morocco.

1267

Treaty of Badajoz

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Badajoz

A treaty about the Kingdom of Algarve in particular, but also about other borders, amity, friendship and alliance, between the Kingdom of

Portugal (King Alfonso III) and the Kingdom of Castile (King Alfonso X of

Castile and

León).

1266

Caliph Idris al-Wathiq

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Marrakesh

Idris al-Wathiq was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate in a period in which the Almohad Dynasty was losing its power to the Marinids; a rising new Sultanate in Morocco.

1266

Revolt ended

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Murcia

Soon the Armies of

Castile and

León suppressed the Revolt in and around Jerez, whereas James I of

Aragón took care of the Conquest of Murcia on behalf of his daughter's husband (King Alfonso X of

Castile and

León).

1264

Mudéjar Revolt

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Jerez

Muslim resistance, openly aided by the Emirate of

Granada, became an organised up-rising in Southern Iberia; the Mudéjar Revolt. Rather soon it was successful in taking a few major cities (Jerez and Murcia). And accordingly, the

Taifa of Murcia had declared itself independent again in 1264.

1263

King Magnus VI, the Law-Mender

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Magnus Haakonsson worked not only on an improvement of the

Norwegian Law-code, but on better international relations as well. In particular with

England and

Sweden.

1263

Battle of Largs

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Pencil Monument

Although this major battle ended indecisive, the

Scots got control of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man (Peace Treaty of Perth; 1266. Signed by Alexander III of

Scotland and Magnus VI of

Norway).

1259

King Eric V Klipping

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Eric Klipping King of

Denmark.

1256

Count Floris V

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He inherited the title at the age of two, though was faithfully guarded by Otto II of Guelders. Floris V became a

Dutch hero in latter years mainly because he did not suppress the peasants at the time; therefore, he is also known as The God of the Commoners.

1255

Lisbon appointed Capital

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Lisbon

Lisbon became the official Capital of

Portugal.

1254

War of Flemish Succession ended

started in 1244
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The series of conflicts ended when King Louis IX of

France intervened for the second time.

1253

King Theobald II

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Pamplona

Theobald II crowned King of

Navarre; he continued his father's main policies.

1252

King Christopher Valdemarsson

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Christopher Valdemarsson King of

Denmark.

1252

King Alfonso X, the Wise

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Museo León

Alfonso was crowned King of

Castile (and Count of

León).

1252

King Alfonso X, the Wise

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Museo León

Alfonso was crowned both; King of

Castile and

León.

1251

Count Guy of Dampierre

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Compiègne

Whilst the War of Succession was still raging on it was Guy of Dampierre who was pronounced Count.

1250

King Abel Valdemarsson

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Abel Valdemarsson King of

Denmark.

1250

King Valdemar Birgersson

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Valdemar Birgersson King of

Sweden.

1249

Algarve conquered

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Faro

Alfonso III of

Portugal ended in 1249 the Portuguese 'Reconquista' by taking the last city Faro. The

Taifa of Algarve became a self-governing Kingdom within the Kingdom of

Portugal.

1249

King Alexander III

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Ruled the

Scots during a war with the

Norwegians.

1248

Siege of Seville

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Seville

The armies of King Ferdinand III of

Castile and

León already started to besiege the city as early as in the summer of 1247. With mainly the principle of 'time on their side', which logically caused severe famine suffering amongst the citizens of Seville, they annexed the city one and a half year later; the

Taifa of Seville became Castilian.

1248

Caliph Hafs Umar al-Murtada

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Marrakesh

Hafs Umar al-Murtada was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1248

King Alfonso III of Portugal

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Alfonso III King of

Portugal is by historians marked as a King with a progressive vision.

1247

Count William I

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St. Dizier

William, actually William II of Dampiere, was proclaimed Count of

Flanders when King Louis IX consented;

Flanders was at the time a vassal-state of

France.

1246

Siege of Jaén

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Castillo

After a few other unsuccessful occasions of trying to conquer the city of Jaén, the armies of King Ferdinand III of

Castile and

León did take the city in 1246. The

Taifa of Jaén became Castilian and, moreover, Muhammad I of

Granada submitted to King Ferdinand and became officially a vassal state.

1244

War of Flemish Succession

ended in 1254
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A series of conflicts about who was to rule

Flanders. The descendants of both Margaret's 1st and 2nd marriage claimed legal inheritance.

1244

Countess Margaret II

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Paris

Margaret of Constantinople and her sister Joan were raised in Paris with King Philip II as ward. Because of family-related reasons she was called Margaret the Black.

1243

Saintonge WAR ended

started in 1242
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Saintes

A peace treaty was signed;

France was victor.

A revival of the

Angevin Empire was forever lost for the opponents.

1242

Caliph al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid

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Marrakesh

al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid II was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1242

Saintonge WAR

ended in 1243
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Saintes

Whilst the

Angevin empire didn't exist anymore, there were still battles to be fought. In this case because vassals in Poitou wouldn't agree with the succession of Louis' brother.

1241

King Eric IV, Ploughpenny

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Eric Valdemarsson King of

Denmark.

1241

'Code of Jutland'

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A civil code to imply unity of governmental laws throughout

Denmark.

1240

Norwegian Civil War

started in 1130
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In a way a, for more than a century lasting, Class Struggle; a war concerning pretenders to the throne: legitimate-or-not-royals, aristocrats with allies, peasants with their leaders (the Birkebeiners) and prominent religious believers with their followers (the Baglers).

1238

Emirate of Granada established

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Granada

A last

Almohad rather still large region (Malaga, Granada & Almeria) transformed into The Emirate of

Granada with Abdullah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr as its Sultan.

1237

Battle of the Puig

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Castell del Puig

The

Taifa of Valencia was decisively taken by the Kingdom of

Aragón.

1236

Siege of Córdoba

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Córdoba

The

Taifa of Córdoba was led by competing rulers which had stirred civil unrest. Partly because of that, the city was annexed in an unusual way by Ferdinand III (King of

Castile and

León), who afterwards signed a truce with Emir Ibn Hud.

1234

Count William II

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Binnenhof

Also known as 'Willem van Henegouwen'; founder of the 'Binnenhof' (nowadays the residence of the

Dutch Government).

1234

King Eric XI Ericsson

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Eric the Lisp and Lame became King of

Sweden for a second period.

1234

King Theobald I

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Pamplona

Theobald crowned King of

Navarre. His relation with a local representative of the Catholic organization was on bad terms. Furthermore, he had Navarre divided into districts improving the administrative system.

1233

Siege of Burriana

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Burriana

Almohad rule had faded in the Province of Castellón and the city of Burriana had become a part of the reborn

Taifa of Valencia since 1229. Though, not for long; the city was attacked and taken by James the Conqueror of

Aragón.

1232

Caliph Abd al-Wahid II

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Marrakesh

Muhammad ar-Rashid Abd al-Wahid II was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1231

Battle of Jerez

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Jerez

The armies of the

Taifa of Murcia were defeated in Jerez. This later glorified battle, in the context of being important to Spanish Christian History, had a contradictory downside as well; the 'cavalgada', which was a major part of the success for the

Castilians and

Leónese, brought death and destruction on their pillaging route through the Province of Cadíz.

1230

King Ferdinand the Saint

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Museo León

Ferdinand was crowned King of

Castile.

History connotates: a united

Castile and

León.

1230

Siege of Jaén

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Castillo

The city of Jaén (

Taifa of Jayyãn) was besieged by Ferdinand III of

Castile. Though, when his father King Alfonso IX of

León died, he broke off the attack and travelled north.

1229

Siege of Medina Mayurqa

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Palma

The siege was going to last long; it took the

Aragón allied army more than three months to place a banner on top of a castle's tower. The Conquest of Majorca was successful though resistance kept going for a few years by

Almohads who inhabited the island.

1229

Battle of Portopí

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Portopí

James the Conqueror of

Aragón wanted to have control of the island of Majorca and this Battle of Portopí was won within a day. Many

Almohads had though fled into Medina Mayurqa.

1229

King Knut II, the Tall

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Knut Holmgersson King of

Sweden.

1229

Caliph Idris al-Ma'mun

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Marrakesh

Idris al-Ma'mun was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1227

Caliph Yahya al-Mu'tasim

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Marrakesh

Yahya al-Mu'tasim was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1226

King Saint Louis IX

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The reformer of Royal Justice and hence a notable Capetian Ruler.

1224

Caliph Abdallah al-Adil

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Marrakesh

Abdallah al-Adil was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1224

Caliph Abd al-Wahid I

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Marrakesh

Abd al-Wahid was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1224

Fall into (Almohad) Taifas

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An unofficial beginning of the end of the

Almohad Caliphate on the Iberian peninsula; it started to fall into

Taifas.

1223

King Louis VIII, the Lion

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He brought the County of Toulouse under

French rule.

1223

King Sancho II of Portugal

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Sancho II King of

Portugal.

1222

Count Floris IV

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Had to face struggles to the east of

Holland; in Utrecht, 'Drenthe' and in the North [Bremen; nowadays Germany].

1222

King Eric XI, the Lisp & Lame

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Eric Ericsson King of

Sweden.

1217

King Haakon IV, the Old

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His rule endured 46 years. Haakon Haakonsson was responsible for a turning point in

Norwegian history; his army defeated Skule Bardsson (who was regent of

Norway during Haakon's childhood) and hence the Civil War came to an end.

1217

1st Barons' WAR ended

started in 1215
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Kingston

The changed royal situation in

England made several Baron's turn towards Henry III. Moreover, they jointly attacked their former ally. The thenadays yet to become King of

France Louis VIII had to withdraw and accept some losses. Despite all this, later that year the 1st Baron's war ended with a Status Quo Ante Bellum (Kingston-upon-Thames).

1217

King Ferdinand III, the Saint

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Museo León

Ferdinand was crowned King of

Castile.

1217

Queen Berengaria of Castile

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Museo León

Berengaria was crowned Queen of

Castile.

1216

King Henry III, of Winchester

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Winchester Castle

When John Lackland had died, Henry III of Winchester was crowned King of

England. Despite the fact that he (like his predecessors) also was a member of the House of Plantagenet, this event is marked as the end of the

Angevin Period (which had started at the end of the Anglo-Norman Age).

1216

King Johan I Sverkersson

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Johan Sverkersson King of

Sweden.

1215

Magna Carta Libertatum

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Canterbury

An

Angevin document put down by the Archbishop of Canterbury (by order of King John Lackland). Rewritten it formed a part of the peace treaty in 1217 with which the 1st Barons' War formally came to an end.

1215

1st Barons' WAR

ended in 1217
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Rebellious

English landowners, supported by Prince Louis of

France (the thenadays future King), fought against

Angevin-Allied-Forces led by John Lackland.

1214

King Alexander II

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His reign would last for 35 years.

1214

Anglo-French WAR ended

started in 1213
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Bouvines

The war ended with the decisive Battle of Bouvines in the County of

Flanders.

1214

King Henry I of Castile

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Museo León

Henry, the eldest son of the late King Alfonso by Eleanor of England, was crowned King of

Castile.

1213

King James I, the Conqueror

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Jaca

James I crowned King of

Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

1213

Anglo-French WAR

ended in 1214
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Bouvines

John Lackland tried to regain lost continental territories and attacked

Normandy (at the time a

French province).

1213

Caliph Yusuf II

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Marrakesh

Abu Yaqub Yusuf al-Mansir was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1212

Battle of L.N. de Tolosa

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Las Navas de Tolosa

A joint army of the Kingdoms of

Castile,

Aragón and

Navarre defeated the

Almohad army led by al-Nasir. History connotates: the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; a mark in Spanish History.

1211

King Alfonso II of Portugal

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Alfonso II crowned King of

Portugal. Unlike his predecessors he was not focussed on territorial enlargement.

1210

Siege of al-Dãmus

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Ademús

The Kingdom of

Aragón succeeded in conquering a strategically important

Almohad Stronghold in Ademús.

1208

King Eric X, the survivor

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Eric Knutsson King of

Sweden.

1206

Count William I

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The Loon War ended and a peace agreement was signed. Although there was a division in lands it was William I who afterwards was called Count of

Holland; he, son of Floris III and the

Scottish noble lady Ada of Huntingdon, was in a way victorious. During his reign (almost 20 years) many swamps were turned into polders flourishing

Dutch economy.

1206

Loon WAR ends

started in 1203
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William's

North-Hollanders came up with a rigorous tactic: the Kennemers broke dykes, flooded a large area and consequently bided time. Later, after the arrival of a big army of

Zeelanders and

South-Hollanders who joined William, the tide turned again. Now it was Louis' turn to flee, though he was chased and defeated.

Mendicant Orders

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A religious way of life.

1205

Countess Joan

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Marquette-lez-Lille
Mendicant Orders

Joan achieved major changes both social and economic; e.g. she helped setting up the Mendicant Orders, ordered canals to be built and improved wool-trade with

England. Joan co-reigned with husbands until 1244. She was succeeded by her sister Margaret.

1204

Normandy Campaigns ended

started in 1202
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Chateau Gaillard

House of Plantagenet versus House of Capet.

After the successful siege of Château Gaillard by the

French, John Lackland lost continental

Angevin territories;

Normandy became a

French province. Philip II continued to take Maine,

Anjou & Poitou.

1204

King Inge Bardsson

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Oslofjord

At the cost of seceding Viken [nowadays known as Oslofjord] to the Baglers, King Inge Bardsson gave

Norwegian citizens peace for almost a decade.

1204

King Guttorm Sigurdsson

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At the age of 4 Guttorm Sigurdsson became King of

Norway and was guarded by Haakon the Crazy. In August he died of illness.

1203

Loon WAR

ended in 1206
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War of succession in the County of

Holland between William, brother of the late Count Dirk VII, and Ada who had claimed to be Countess. William besieged Leiden, conquered it and captured Ada. Louis van Loon, Ada's husband, reacted by attacking

Holland with a massive army (many Allies); William had to flee.

1203

Countess Ada

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Ada, daughter of Dirk VII, claimed the County of

Holland immediately after the death of her father. therefore she had to marry; she did so at the age of 15 to Louis van Loon.

1202

King Valdemar II, the Victorious

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Valdemar the Victorious King of

Denmark. Again a long ruler of the House of Estridsen (39 years); he introduced the 'Code of Jutland' not long before he died.

1202

Normandy Campaigns

ended in 1204
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Mirebeau

House of Plantagenet versus House of Capet.
The

Angevin Empire had become more and more

English over the past decades thenadays and when King John succeeded King Richard, it was not only King Philip II of

France who was not pleased. He started

Normandy Campaigns with the help of Brittany, Maine and

Anjou. Though, King John managed to be victorious at Mirebeau.

1202

King Haakon III, Sverresson

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King Haakon Sverresson's period of reign was not going to last long; he fell ill and died on New Years Day 1204.

1199

King John Lackland

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Westminster

Angevin King John ruled, as the 3rd of the House of Plantagenet, in difficult times and was not always successful, partly because of his personality. His period of reign was marked as 'the Fall of the

Angevin Empire'.

1199

Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir

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Marrakesh

Muhammad al-Nasir was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1196

King Peter II, the Catholic

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Jaca

Peter II crowned King of

Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

1195

King Sverker II, the Younger

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Sverker Karlsson King of

Sweden.

1195

Battle of Alarcos

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Alarcos

King Alfonso VIII of

Castile lost this battle to Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Caliph of the

Almohad Empire.

1194

Count Baldwin IX

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Hagia Sophia

Baldwin fought to regain

Flemish territory given away by a predecessor (Count Philip). Though, he became a legend in history as Baldwin I, the Latin Emperor, because of his actions in the 4th crusade; in 1204 he was crowned in the Hagia Sophia.

1194

King Sancho VII

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Pamplona

Sancho crowned King of

Navarre. He had to face huge territorial unrest.

1191

Countess Margaret I

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Bruges

At first her claim to be Countess of

Flanders was not acknowledged by Ghent and King Philip II of

France. And although her period of reign was rather short, she can be looked at as the first woman to have ruled

Flanders. She co-ruled with her husband Baldwin VIII, who was actually Baldwin V of Hainaut.

1190

Count Dirk VII

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Dirk VII of

Holland was, like his father before him, on good terms with the

Holy Roman Emperor.

1189

King Richard, the Lionheart

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A warrior ruler, the 2nd of the House of Plantagenet, who spent his life mainly abroad.

1188

King Alfonso IX

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Museo León

Alfonso was crowned King of

León.

1185

King Sancho I of Portugal

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Sancho the Populator King of

Portugal.

1184

King Sverre I, Sigurdsson

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King Sverre Sigurdsson was a prominent leader of the Birkebeiners.

1184

Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur

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Marrakesh

Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1184

Siege of Santarém

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Santarém

King Alfonso I of

Portugal, aided by King Ferdinand II of

León, repulsed an

Almohad Army at the (2nd) Siege of Santarém.

1182

King Knut VI

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Knut Valdemarsson King of

Denmark.

1180

King Philip II, Dieudonné

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The by god-given ruler also known as Philip Augustus; the 7th of the House of Capet. He was going to be successful in the Plantagenet - Capetian rivalry during his rule.

1174

Angevin Empire Pinnacle

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In a way the ultimate climax of the

Angevin Empire on the continent and on the isles; sort of a commonwealth which was formed mainly by marriage and inheritance. The name was derived from

Anjou in which 'the House of Plantagenet' had its origin.

1174

The Revolt ends

started in 1173
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Falaise

Henry II successfully repelled all his opponents whom all submitted to him. His wife (Eleanor, the Duchess of

Aquitaine) and his 3 sons even choose to reconcile. Moreover, William the Lion was captured at the Battle of Alnwick and

Scotland became a vassal state of the

Angevin Empire; the Peace Treaty was signed in Falaise.

1173

The Revolt

ended in 1174
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Falaise

Angevin

Normandy was attacked from all sides; the Counts of

Flanders and Boulogne from the east, Henry's wife Eleanor of

Aquitaine and their son young Henry (allied with the

French King) from the south and the Duke of Brittany from the west. Furthermore, amongst uprisings in

England itself it was a

Scottish Army led by William the Lion who attacked

England from the North.

1173

King Knut I

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Knut Eriksson King of

Sweden. His reign was marked by the importance of (royal or not) written documents.

1173

Civil War ended

started in 1167
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The Civil War between the House of Ericsson and the House of Sverkersson came to an end when the last kinsmen of Sverker, Kol and Burislev, were killed.

1171

Ireland conquered

started in 1169
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Gaelic

Ireland was conquered; the

Angevin Empire established Lordship over

Ireland.

1170

Thomas Becket assassinated

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Canterbury

Thomas Becket (allied with Louis VII of

France) was assassinated. Historians believe that orders for the act might have been given by Henry II because of an ongoing disagreement about religious matters.

1169

Angevin invasion in Ireland

ended in 1171
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Gaelic

Ireland was invaded from the South-East.

1168

Count Philip I

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Ghent

Whilst

Flanders grew to its largest extent, Philip (of Alsace) was focused on international affairs; he acted as a mediator, though was not successful on a few occasions. 'De Gravesteen' in Ghent was ordered to be built by Philip in around 1180.

1167

King Karl Sverkersson murdered

ended in 1173
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A Civil War had started between the House of Ericsson and the House of Sverkersson; Karl was murdered by Knut.

1165

King William I, the Lion

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The rough King ruled the

Scots for half a century.

1164

The Battle of Renfrew

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Town Hall

Somerled is repelled; the ruler of the

Scottish Isles attacked a Royal

Scottish Army (Malcolm IV).

1164

King Alfonso II, the Troubadour

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Jaca

Alfonso II crowned King of

Aragón and Count of Barcelona.

1163

Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf

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Marrakesh

Abu Yaqub Yusuf was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1161

King Karl VII Sverkersson

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A short revival of the House of Sverker occured when Karl was crowned King of

Sweden.

1161

King Magnus V Erlingsson

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Bergen

Became King at the age of five and was three years later crowned King of

Norway in Bergen.

1158

King Alfonso VIII, the Noble

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Museo León

Alfonso was crowned King of

Castile.

1157

The Battle of Grathe Heath

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Blodgildet

The civil war came to an end. A tripartition was agreed upon: Jutland (Valdemar I), Scania (Sveyn III) and Zealand & Funen (Knut V). Unexpectedly, it all ended with a little turn; the treacherous Sveyn killed Knut (at the Bloodfeast of Roskilde) and Valdemar somehow fled. Later that year, at this battle of Grathe Heath Sveyn was slain.

1157

King Sancho III, the Desired

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Museo León

Sancho was crowned King of

Castile.

1157

King Ferdinand II

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Museo León

Ferdinand was crowned King of

León.

1157

Count Floris III

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During his reign the County of

Holland was still a vassal of the

Holy Roman Empire ruled by Frederick Barbarossa thenadays. Despite the past, this relation was on good terms during his reign. therefore Floris gained an Emperial title.

1156

King Eric IX, the Lawgiver

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Although his ordinal number otherwise suggests, King Eric IX was the founder of the House of Eric of

Sweden.

1154

King Henry II, Curtmantle

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In

England the first ruler of the House of Plantaganet; his period of reign was marked as 'the Rise of the

Angevin Empire'.

1153

The Anarchy ended

started in 1135
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In a way the end of the

Anglo-Norman Age (which had started with the victory of William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings).

England was dawning into an

Angevin Period (which ended in 1216)

1153

King Malcolm IV, Virgo

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Malcolm the Maiden King of

Scotland.

1150

Duke Henry II

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Henry II was made Duke of

Normandy by Geoffrey Plantaganet.

1150

King Sancho, the wise

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Pamplona

Sancho crowned King of

Navarre (heretofore known as Pamplona).

1148

Siege of Tortosa

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Tortosa

A

Crusader army, under command of Raymond Berengar IV Count of Barcelona (and maried with Queen Petronella of

Aragón), besieged the city of Tortosa. Despite the fact that in Africa the

Almoravids were overthrown, they still put up quite some resistance before they surrendered.

1147

Caliph Abd al-Mu'min

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Marrakesh

The

Almoravid Caliphate was overthrown.
Abd al-Mu'min was crowned Caliph of the

Almohad Caliphate.

1147

Siege of Lisbon

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Lisbon

With the aid of many

Crusaders, who were en route to the Holy Land, the King of

Portugal, Alfonso Henrique, besieged and finally took the city of Lisbon, which was part of the

Taifa of Badajoz since 1145 (theretofore part of the

Almoravid Caliphate).
History connotates: Lisbon becomes Portuguese.

1147

Conquest of Santarém

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Santarém

King Alfonso Henrique of

Portugal attacked and took the Muslim city of Santarém, which was thenadays a strategically important stronghold for the

Almoravid Empire.

1147

Sultan Ishaq ibn Ali

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Marrakesh

Ishaq ibn Ali was crowned Sultan of the

Almoravids though died soon after the Siege of Marrakech; the Almoravid Caliphate was (in Morocco) overthrown by the

Almohad Caliphate.

1146

King Valdemar I, the Great

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During an eleven years lasting civil war, he outlived all the other pretenders to the throne; his reign (36 years) was marked as 'the revival of

Denmark'.

1146

Sultan Ibrahim ibn Tashfin

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Marrakesh

Ibrahim ibn Tashfin was crowned Sultan of the

Almoravid Caliphate.

1144

Duke Geoffrey Plantaganet

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Geoffrey Plantagenet became Duke of

Normandy; still a vassal state of the

Anglo-Norman Empire.

1143

Emir Tashfin ibn Ali

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Marrakesh

Tashfin ibn Ali was crowned Emir of the

Almoravid Caliphate.

1143

Fall into (Almoravid) Taifas

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An unofficial beginning of the end of the

Almoravid Empire on the Iberian peninsula; it started to fall into

Taifas.

1139

King Alfonso I of Portugal

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After conquering the Alentejo Alfonso Henrique was crowned the first King of

Portugal; an independent new nation.

1139

Siege of Oreja

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Colmenar de Oreja

After a six months lasting siege the

Almoravids surrendered to Alfonso VII of

León.

1139

Battle of Ourique

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Ourique

Alfonso Henrique had went south to attack the Alentejo [an Almoravid region at the time]. Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf ordered his governor in Cordoba [thenadays also part of the

Almoravid Caliphate], Muhammad Az-Zubayr Ibn Umar, to defend the region. The battle took place in Ourique and was won by

Portugal.

1137

King Eric III, the Lamb

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Eric the Lamb was crowned King of

Denmark.

1137

Queen Petronella of Aragón

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Jaca

Petronella crowned Queen of

Aragón.

1137

King Louis VII, the younger

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Louis VII King of

France.

1137

Duchess Eleanor, of Aquitaine

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Aquitaine
Civilization VI

A legend in history. Eleanor, the Duchess of

Aquitaine, was going to be both Queen Consort of

France (married to Louis VII) and of

England (married to Henry II).

a Strategy Game: Civilization VI

Civilization VI
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Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine, leads

France and/or

England.

1136

King Inge I, Haraldsson

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He and his brothers were guided by guardians during childhood; a rather peaceful period of the already started Civil War. Though, when they all approached an adult life, relations got rough.

1135

The Anarchy

ended in 1153
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Pillars of the Earth

The start of an

Anglo-Norman Civil WAR which mainly took place in

Normandy.

1135

King Stephen of Blois

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Stephen of Blois took the

Anglo-Norman Crown despite the oath to support the Empress Matilda.

1135

Emperor Alfonso VII of Spain

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King Alfonso VII of all

Spain.

1134

King Eric II Emune

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Eric Emune was crowned King of

Denmark.

1134

King Ramiro II, the Monk

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Jaca

Ramiro crowned King of

Aragón.

1134

King García Ramírez, the Restorer

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Pamplona

García Ramírez crowned King of

Pamplona. As a consequence Pamplona became independent from

Aragón, with which it had maintained a good (political) friendship for more than half a century.

1134

Battle of Fraga

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Fraga

The neighbouring

Almoravids came to aid the besieged city of Fraga, which resulted in a heavy loss for King Alfonso the Battler of

Aragón and

Pamplona. 'El Batallador' died shortly after the battle; it marked the end of a period in which he had taken lots of regions from the Almoravids (f.e. Zaragoza).

1134

The Battle of Fotevik

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Museum

King Niels of

Denmark and his son, Magnus the Strong of

Sweden, were defeated by Eric Emune in Scania (which at the time belonged to

Denmark).

1132

King Sverker I, the Elder

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During the absence of the

Danish Prince Magnus the

Swedes appointed Sverker as their King.

1132

Civil War had diminished

started in 1066
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The House of Stenkill had disappeared over the years. The

Swedes were without a King, although Magnus the Strong from

Denmark was acknowledged but not accepted as King of Götaland.

1130

Norwegian Civil War

ended in 1240
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In a way a, for more than a century lasting, Class Struggle; a war concerning pretenders to the throne: legitimate-or-not-royals, aristocrats with allies, peasants with their leaders (the Birkebeiners) and prominent religious believers with their followers (the Baglers).

1130

King Harald IV Gille

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Became King of

Norway at the start of a long lasting Civil War.

1129

Count Geoffrey Plantagenet

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Geoffrey of

Anjou, aka the handsome, founder of the Plantagenet Dynasty was pronounced Count.

1128

Battle of São Mamede

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Guimarães

Theresa's son, Alfonso Henrique, defeated the armies of his mother at this battle in Guimarães. Because of the fact that all Portuguese foreign vassalage ties were cut from then onwards (unlike Theresa, who had still maintained a relation with the County of Léon), this event is seen as the stepstone to an independent

Portugal.

1128

Count Thierry

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Townhall Aalst

After the death of William Clito there was only one heir left; Thierry of Alsace (Diederik) became Count of

Flanders. He, like many Counts at the time, had a crusading history and ruled until he died in 1168.

1127

Count William Clito

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Saint-Omer

At the hand of King Louis of

France William Clito was accepted by

Flemish Barons as their new Count. Though, loyalty turned towards Thierry of Alsace. Despite this, William was victorious in the Battle of Axspoele. Onwards he went, though was fatally wounded when he besieged Aalst. He was burried in the Abbey of St. Bertin.

1126

King Alfonso VII, the Emperor

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Museo León

Alfonso was crowned both; King of

León (and Count of

Castile).

1126

King Alfonso VII, the Emperor

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Museo León

Alfonso was crowned both; King of

León and

Castile.

1124

King David I mac Maíl Choluim

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The Prince of Cumbrians marked his rule with a Davidian Revolution; introducing e.g. a feudal system.

1121

Count Dirk VI

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Also called Floris the Black.

1120

Battle of Cutanda

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Cutanda

'El Batallador', King Alfonso of

Aragón and

Pamplona, defeated the

Almoravids in the Battle of Cutanda.

1119

Count Charles the Good

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Bruges

Charles got the title because he was good to the people he represented; e.g. he helped in 1125 those who had a food shortage. Much later, he was beautified by the pope.

1117

Queen Theresa of Portugal

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Coimbra

Countess Theresa had to handle, since her father died in 1109 and her husband in 1112, all political and militaristic affairs. Soon, she was looked at as the Queen of

Portugal. Even more so, after the official recognition by the Holy Catholic Church in 1117.

1111

Count Baldwin VII

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Bures-en-Bray

He fought at the side of King Louis the Fighter of

France against the

Anglo-Norman Empire of King Henry I and was fatally wounded in the battle of Bures-en-Bray.

1110

Historia Silense

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Basilica S. Isidoro

A document about Iberian history with focus on Ferdinand I of

León.

Exact year concerning the (finishing of the) writing is unknown.

1109

Queen Urraca, the Reckless

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Museo León

Urraca was crowned Queen of

León (and Countess of

Castile).

1109

Queen Urraca, the Reckless

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Museo León

Urraca was crowned both; Queen of

León and

Castile.

1108

Battle of Uclés

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Uclés

Again a battle lost for Alfonso VI, King of

Castile and

León. The

Almoravids established a decisive victory, though did not succeed in taking Toledo afterwards.

1108

King Louis VI, the fighter

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Reinforced his power considerably; fought both local robber-barons and the

French counties under

Anglo-Norman rule.

1107

King Alexander I, the Fierce

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Alexander the Fierce King of

Scotland.

1106

Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf

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Marrakesh

Ali ibn Yusuf was crowned Sultan of the

Almoravid Caliphate.

1106

King Henry I, Beauclerc

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As the victor of the Battle of Tinchebray Henry Beauclerc (the 4th son of William) extended his

Anglo-Norman Empire with

Normandy.

1106

The Battle of Tinchebray

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Tinchebray

Henry I invaded

Normandy; his dismounted

Anglo-Norman knights played a decisive role.

1104

King Niels

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Niels Sveynsson, the last of 5 brothers, ascended to the throne of

Denmark.

1104

King Alfonso 'el Batallador'

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Jaca

When Alfonso's brother (King Peter I) died, he was crowned King of both;

Aragón and

Pamplona.

1104

King Alfonso 'el Batallador'

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Pamplona

When Alfonso's brother (King Peter I) died, he was crowned King of both;

Pamplona and

Aragón.

1103

King Sigurd I, the Crusader

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The reign (27 years) of Sigurd Magnusson is nowadays called a 'golden-age'.

1100

King Henry I, Beauclerc

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Henry Beauclerc (the 4th son of William) seized the

Anglo-Norman crown shortly after William Rufus died hunting.

1097

King Edgar Probus

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Edgar the Valiant King of

Scotland.

1097

Battle of Consuegra

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Consuegra

Alfonso VI, King of

Castile and

León, had to retreat when it soon got obvious that the battle was going to be won by the

Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

1096

Departure of the 1st Crusade

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The departure of participants of the 1st Crusade.
When they arrived in the Levant it all started with besieging Nicaea (before continuing to Jerusalem).

1095

Countess Theresa of Portugal

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Santarém

Theresa Countess of

Portugal.

1095

King Eric I, the Good

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Eric Sveynsson was crowned King of

Denmark.

1094

King Peter I of Aragón

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Jaca

Peter inherited both crowns;

Aragón and

Pamplona.

1094

King Peter I of Pamplona

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Pamplona

Peter inherited both crowns;

Pamplona and

Aragón.

1094

King Donald III, the Fair

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Donald the Fair King of

Scotland for a second period.

1094

King Duncan II

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Duncan II King of

Scotland.

1093

King Donald III, the Fair

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Donald the Fair King of

Scotland

1093

Count Robert II

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Antioch

Robert II was going to play an important role in taking the ancient city of Antioch and later Jerusalem during the 1st Crusade. Historians later nicknamed him as Robert The Jerusalemite.

1093

King Magnus III, Barefoot

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Magnus Olafsson co-ruled

Norway the first few years with his cousin Haakon Magnusson

1091

Count Floris II

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Also known as Floris the fat; he was the first ruler in the County of

Holland (parts of former Frisia) and reigned from 1091 to 1121.

1087

Duke Robert Curthose

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William the Conqueror divided his

Anglo-Norman Kingdom; he appointed Robert, his 1st son, to rule

Normandy.

1087

King William II, Rufus

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William the Conqueror divided his

Anglo-Norman Kingdom; he appointed his 3rd son to rule the

English Kingdom.

1086

Battle of Sagrajas

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Sagrajas

The City of Toledo was taken by

Leon in 1085. An action to which the Almoravid Empire was going to react. The armies battled near Badajoz whilst the 'Sangrar' soaked the grounds. The huge

Almoravid army was at the end victorious.

1086

The Domesday Book

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Two books actually in which a survey of

Anglo-Norman lands was administered.

1086

King Olaf I, Hunger

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Olaf Sveynsson was crowned King of

Denmark.

1080

King Knut IV, the Holy

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Knut Sveynsson was crowned King of

Denmark.

1076

King Harald III, the Whetstone

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Harald Sveynsson was crowned King of

Denmark.

1076

King Sancho Ramírez

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Pamplona

Sancho Ramírez King of

Aragón became also King of

Pamplona. At first King Alfonso VI of

León had appointed a late King's son, though in exchange for western Castilian lands he agreed to the choice of

Pamplonese nobleman.

1072

King Alfonso VII

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King Sancho of

Castile died and Alfonso King of

León returned from exile and became King of

León and

Castile.

1072

Sancho was victorious

started in 1065
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King Sancho of

Castile had made his brothers flee into exile. As a consequence he actually did succeed in his challenge;

Castile,

León and

Galicia were united.

1071

Count Robert I

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Ghent

Robert, also known as 'the Frisian', the youngest son of Baldwin V became Count of

Flanders shortly after the Battle of Cassel. And by offering the hand of Bertha of

Holland to King Philip I, he reestablished the former good relation between

Flanders and

France.

1071

The Battle of Cassel

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Cassel

A

French army of King Philip I marched to

Flanders to support Arnulf. Robert's mass of militia with long pikes repulsed the many

French Knights in the first stage of the battle; this turned out to be rather decisive. Surprisingly though, a switch of noble captives took place during the melee fight (Robert for Richilde). Nevertheless, it was at the end Robert who was victorious.

1071

Battle of Pedroso

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Pedroso

García, King of

Galicia, defeated the

Portuguese army led by Count Nuno Mendes.

1070

Count Arnulf III

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Arnulf, son of Baldwin VI, was appointed as Count of

Flanders with his uncle Robert as safeguard. The promise of Robert seemed to have no value; he later openly and strongly disagreed with the succession of Arnulf. A battle was unavoidable.

1067

Count Baldwin VI

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Bruges

Baldwin VI, the eldest son of Baldwin V, successfully repelled attacks by the

Holy Roman Emperor Henry III during his period of reign.

1067

King Halsten Stenkilsson

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The ferocious Civil War had costed the lives of many barons. Halsten, the son of Stenkil, became King of

Sweden.

1067

King Olaf III, Kyrre

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Magnus II died; Olaf Kyrre became sole ruler.

1067

Castile annexed disputed area's

started in 1065
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Sancho of

Castile was victorious; the disputed area's were annexed.

1066

King William I

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London

After securing parts of the south of

England William marched to London where he was crowned. As a consequence

France officialy lost its vassal state

Normandy (which was unofficially lost in 1054).

1066

The Battle of Hastings

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Battlefield

Duke William of

Normandy (acting as sovereign state, though officially still a vassal state of France) defeats the tiresome army of Harold Godwinson (the last

Anglo-Saxon King) who had to travel south from Northumbria. Later in history, William was pronounced a legend: King William the Conqueror. An

Anglo-Norman time period was a fact (which ended in 1153); the switches between

Anglo-Saxon Rule and

Anglo-Viking Rule came to an end.

1066

King Magnus II, Haraldsson

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Harald Hardrada had died and Magnus Haraldsson (co-ruler with his brother Olaf Kyrre) was crowned King of

Norway; he had helped the

Welsh and Mercians in their struggles with

Anglo-Normans during his reign.

1066

The Battle of Stamford Bridge

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Stamford Bridge

Harold Godwinson's army consisted for a great part of his personal elite household troops (the HouseCarls, who were full-time royal paid soldiers). They repelled the attacking

Vikings in Northumbria; the death of Harald Hardrada marks the end of the

Viking raids in

England. Furthermore, Harold's brother Tostig, allied with the

Norwegian-Vikings, died as well in battle.

1066

A Swedish Civil War

ended in 1132
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After the death of King Stenkil,

Sweden abruptly entered a long lasting Civil War. It started ferociously between Eric and Eric with on both sides many barons involved.

1066

The Battle of Fulford

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Fulford

Harald Hardrada attacks the North of

England and defeats the Earls Edwin and Morcar.

1066

King Harold Godwinson

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Edward the Confessor died; Harold Godwinson (partly of

Viking lineage) was chosen by the witan to succeed him as

Anglo-Saxon King.

1065

War of the 3 Sancho's

ended in 1067
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A war started because of a dispute about the ownership of border area's between Sancho of

Castile and Sancho of

Pamplona (who soon was joined by Sancho of

Aragón).

1065

War of the 3 brothers

ended in 1072
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Sancho of

Castile, the eldest of the 3 son's of Ferdinand (the late King of

León), was displeased; he wanted to inherit all of his father's lands. A war was at hand.

1065

King García II

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Museo

Ferdinand had died. García, his youngest son, was crowned King of

Galicia.

1065

King Alfonso VI, the Valiant

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Museo León

Ferdinand had died. Alfonso, his second son, was crowned King of

León.

1065

King Sancho II, the Strong

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Burgós

Ferdinand had died. Sancho, his eldest son, was crowned King of

Castile

1063

King Sancho Ramírez

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Jaca

Sancho Ramírez was crowned King of

Aragón.

1062

The Battle of Niså

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Halmstad

After 15 years of raiding

Denmark Harald Hardrada still didn't accept Sveyn II as its King and clearly won this final battle in Halland. Though, Sveyn fled and

Denmark was not officially conquered. Moreover, despite Haralds Victory, they both signed a status quo peace treaty in 1064.

1061

Count Dirk V of West-Frisia

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The first 6 years Dirk ruled under the Guardianship of his mother because he inherited

West-Frisia as a child.

1061

Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin

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Marrakesh

Yusuf ibn Tashfin was crowned Sultan of the

Almoravid Caliphate. Under his command the Almoravid Empire was going to set foot on Al-Andalus (Iberia).

1060

King Philip I, the Amorous

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With Philip I (the 4th Capetian King) the Royal Demesne slowly started to recover, though partly by devious means.

1060

King Stenkil

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As King of

Sweden he helped Denmark in its battles with Norway.

1058

King Malcolm III, Canmore

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Scone

Mal Collum King of

Scotland.

1057

King Lulach Tairbith

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Lumphanan

Macbeth died in the Battle of Lumphanan. His Lords chose Lulach as New King of

Scotland.

1055

King Gruffydd ap Llywelyn

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Aberystwyth

A recognized claim of sovereignty of

Wales; Gruffydd ap Llywelyn united Deheubarth, Powys and Gwynedd.

1054

Battle of Mortemer

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Mortemer

King Henry I of

France openly opposed against

Normandy in 1052 because it became more and more independent due to its strength (and the ties with

England). The tables had turned indeed; Norman Nobility chose to side with Duke William. This and the fact that the French King had not broken William's defence in Mortemer made him retreat.

1054

King Sancho IV, of Pamplona

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Pamplona

García Sánchez III had died in the Battle of Atapuerca; Sancho of Peñalén was crowned the new King of

Pamplona.

1054

Battle of Atapuerca

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Atapuerca

King Ferdinand of

León and

Castile initiated this battle because he wanted lands back which he had previously given to King Garcia Sánchez III of

Pamplona for his aid in the Battle of Tamarón.

1051

Edward appointed a successor

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The childless Edward the Confessor appointed William Duke of

Normandy as his successor, because he was a grandson of King Aethelred II and Queen Emma. This event was the cause of unrest amongst lords in

England; in particular Earl Godwine of Wessex whose daughter had married King Edward.

1050

King Emund the Old

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Emund reigned for only a decade. Still though his rule was significant on two issues: religious and border-wise.

1050

Count Nuno Mendes

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Guimarães

Nuno Mendes Count of

Portugal.

1049

Count Floris I of West-Frisia

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Floris I succeeded his brother as Count of

West-Frisia in a time of many territorial struggles.

1049

The Battle of Hedeby

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Hedeby

The

Norwegian King Harald Hardrada burned Hedeby, a major trading place, in southern

Denmark. Still,

Denmark remained under control of King Sveyn II Estridsson.

1047

King Harald III, Hardrada

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Civilization VI

Kingdoms divided after the sudden death of Magnus; Harald III Sigurdsson (half-brother of Olaf Haraldsson), 1st of the House of Hardrada in

Norway, was the year before already co-ruler with Magnus the Good. Although the

Norwegian

Viking Age had already ended with Magnus, Harald was to become 'the last

Viking'; not only because of his raid in

England (1066), but because of his continuous actions in

Denmark.

a Strategy Game: Civilization VI

civilization VI
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Harald Hardrada leads

Norway.

1047

King Sveyn II, Estridsson

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Kingdoms divided after the sudden death of Magnus; Sveyn II, a descendant of Cnut the Great, was crowned King of

Denmark. He was going to reign for almost 30 years as 1st ruler of the House of Estridsen.

1047

Battle of Val-ès-Dunes

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Stèle du Val-ès-Dunes

Duke William of

Normandy was attacked by

Norman rebels whom were commanded by his nephew Guy of Burgundy. King Henry I of

France came to William's aid because of the fact that the rather strong County of Normandy officially still was a vassal state.

1042

King Magnus I, the Good

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Gothenburg

Magnus Olafsson, King of

Norway, was also crowned King of

Denmark. The succession was agreed upon in a peace treaty with Harthacnut; it ended the

Viking-Age in 'Danelands'.

1042

King Edward; the Confessor

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Winchester

Edward, son of Aethelred II the Unready and Emma of

Normandy, was crowned King in the Cathedral of Winchester soon after the death of his half-brother Hartacnut. A revival, though the last of the House of Wessex (the West-Saxons); the last long-ruling

Anglo-Saxon King.

1040

King Macbeth mac Findláich

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Moray

Mac Bethad mac Findláich, mormaer of Moray, became the actual King of

Alba (Gaelic name for

Scotland) after the death of King Duncan I.

1040

King Harthacnut

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The

Viking King Harthacnut of

Denmark (Cnut III) was offered the

English Crown after the death of Harold Harefoot. He took along his army to be sure just in case problems would occur. Nevertheless, he ascended to the crown peacefully.

1039

Count Dirk IV of West-Frisia

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Like his father he fought for more land. And again, the armies of the

Holy Roman Empire came to adjust the situation to their wishes; they ruthlessly destroyed

Rijnsburg.

1037

King Ferdinand I

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Museo León

The battle of Tamarón was won by Count Ferdinand of

Castile. He, who was maried with Sacha (sister of the late King of León), marched to the Capital and was crowned King Ferdinand I of

León. As a consequence, the County of Castile moved back from the Kingdom of

Pamplona to the Kingdom of

León.

1037

Battle of Tamarón

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Tamarón

King Bermudo III of

León attacked the armies of Ferdinand Count of

Castile who was aided by King Garcia Sánchez III of

Pamplona. King Bermudo died and the battle seemed to have ended soon after.

1035

Duke William I, the bastard

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Caen

William the Bastard, Robert's illegitimate son, was crowned Duke of

Normandy. He, like his father, had to face many struggles therefore his period of reign was sort of a Civil War. Despite all this, he managed to enlarge his lands along the

French coastline (e.g. Brittany) and allied with

Flanders by marriage. Moreover, some 30 years later he invaded

England and became a legend in history as William the Conqueror.

1035

Count Baldwin V

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Lille (Rijsel)

Count Baldwin of

Flanders played an important role in international politics. Not only because of his role as host for Queen Emma's Refuge but also because of his mariage with Adela (daughter of

King Robert II) and their children; two sons (Baldwin & Robert) both turned out to become Counts as well and their daughter Matilda an

Anglo-Norman Queen Consort.

1035

King Magnus I, the Good

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Magnus Olafsson, an illegitimate son of Olaf Haraldsson, was proclaimed King of

Norway. During his reign he wished to reunite the 'North Sea Empire'.

1035

King Harthacnut

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Harthacnut succeeded his father Cnut the Great as King of

Denmark.

1035

King Harold I, Harefoot

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Cnut the Great had died. Against the will of the

English Church Harold was crowned. though, initially as proxy for his brother Harthacnut and as a consequence extending

Viking Rule.

1035

King Ramiro I

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St. Cruz de la Serós

Ramiro the first King of

Aragón.

1035

García Sánchez III, from Nájera

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Nájera

García Sánchez III King of

Pamplona.

1034

King Duncan I, An t-Ilgarach

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Strathclyde

Donnchadh mac Crìonain was not really contested by others and became King of

Alba after the death of his grandfather Malcolm the Destroyer.

1032

Duke Robert I, of Burgundy

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Dijon

Robert the Old was given the title Duke of the vassal-state

Burgundy to prevent a civil war with his brother Henry King of the

Franks. Because of lacking real authority over his own vassals, he would turn out to become a robber Baron.

1031

King Henry I

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Reims

The 3rd Capetian King was crowned in 'la Cathédrale de Reims'. He ruled the

Franks during a period of many territorial struggles.

1031

Taifa of Córdoba

started in 1009
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Córdoba

At the end of a long Civil War, in which the Caliphate of

Córdoba fell apart, the last part surrounding Córdoba changed into a corresponding

Taifa.

1030

Battle of Stiklestad

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Stiklestad

Olaf Haraldsson wanted to reclaim the

Norwegian throne, though was defeated by a peasant army loyal to the

Viking King Cnut the Great (King of

England,

Denmark &

Norway). Still though a turning point; the Norwegian Viking Age somehow diminished.

1029

Count Ferdinand

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Burgós

At the age of approximately 14 Ferdinand was named Count of

Castile by his father who remained ruler over Castile as King of

Pamplona.

1029

Castile annexed by Pamplona

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Burgós

King Sancho III of

Pamplona claimed, conquered and/or annexed

Castile based on dynastic rights.

1028

Count Mendo Nunes

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Braga

Mendo Nunes Count of

Portugal.

1028

King Cnut, the Great

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Nidaros

Norway was taken by the

Viking Cnut the Great, King of

Denmark and

England, without any real resistance; Olaf Haraldsson was dethroned and fled with his family.

1028

King Bermudo III

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Museo León

King Bermudo III of

León was a minor when he ascended to the throne. At the age of 14 he had serious struggles with nobles in the east; in 1034 with King Sancho II of

Pamplona and in '37 with Count Ferdinand I of

Castile who was maried with Bermudo's sister.

1027

Duke Robert I

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Robert the Magnificent became Duke of

Normandy after the death, with unclear conditions though, of his brother Richard III. Robert's reign was unstable and not really accepted by many Barons.

1026

Duke Richard III

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Falaise

Richard, the eldest son of Richard II of

Normandy, inherited the Norman Duchy. He repulsed an attack on the city of Falaise by his discontented brother Robert.

1026

Battle of Helgeå

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Mouth of Helgeå

A naval battle between an

Anglo-Danish fleet, led by Cnut the Great, and a combined fleet of

Swedes (Anund Jacob) and

Norwegians (Olaf Haraldsson).

1023

Taifa of Sevilla

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Sevilla

The

Taifa of Sevilla came to existence in 1023 (a part of the Caliphate of

Córdoba).

1022

King Anund Jacob

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Sigtuna

Jacob, son of Olof Skötkonung, was selected by the

Swedish Alþing and named Anund.

1018

Battle of 'Vlaardingen'

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Vlaardingen

The

Holy Roman Empire unsuccessfully attacked the rebellious

West-Frisians. The first breakthrough for citizens in becoming independent and working towards an autonomous

Holland.

1018

Battle of Carham

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Carham

Malcolm the Destroyer defeated an

Anglo-Viking army in Carham at the river Tweed (

Northumbria) and hence extended Scottish rule; Lothian became

Scottish at the time.

1018

King Cnut II, the Great

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Cnut's brother, Harald II, died; He, King of

England, succeeded to the throne with only minor resistance involved in

Denmark.

1018

Taifa of St. Maria do Algarve

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Faro

The

Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve came to existence in 1018 (a part of the Caliphate of

Córdoba).

1017

Count García Sánchez

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Covarrubias

García Sánchez Count of

Castile was during childhood replaced by Urraca.

1016

King Cnut II, the Great

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The

Viking Cnut, son of Sveyn Forkbeard, took

England but the South. Though, became King of all

England when Edmund Ironside died.

1016

King Edmund Ironside

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At the time when Aethelred II died Edmund was his oldest heir in lineage. He replaced his father as King of

England valiantly, though, half a year later he died as well.

1015

King Olaf II, Haraldsson

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Nidaros

Olaf, son of Harald Grenske, worked on the recognition of the

Norwegian identity, also emphasizing on its natural beauty. He was canonized at Nidaros as Saint Olaf about two years after his death.

1015

Count Nuno Alvites

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Braga

Nuno Alvites Count of

Portugal.

1014

Battle of Clontarf

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Dublin

High King Brian Boru died. Though, because his army was victorious, this battle is considered a turning point in

Ireland;

Viking control started to diminish.

1014

King Aethelred II the Unready

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The second time of Aethelred II's rule; he returned to

England after Sveyn's death. Altogether his period of reign was long; the 1st period started in 978.

1014

King Harald II, Sveynson

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Harald, the youngest son of Sveyn Forkbeard's first marriage, became King of

Denmark after the death of his father.

1013

King Sveyn Forkbeard

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London

The

Viking Sveyn Forkbeard (already King of

Denmark and

Norway) and his ally Thorkell the Tall had invaded

England more often. Though, on this occasion Aethelred II fled to

Normandy; subsequently (the first)

Anglo-Viking Rule in

England was a fact.

1013

Taifa of Zaragoza

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Zaragoza

The

Taifa of Zaragoza came to existence in 1013 (a part of the Caliphate of

Córdoba).

1010

Taifa of Toledo

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Toledo

The

Taifa of Toledo was one of the first in which the Caliphate of

Córdoba was going to be divided.

1010

Taifa of Valencia

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Valencia

The

Taifa of Valencia was one of the first in which the Caliphate of

Córdoba was going to be divided.

1009

Taifa of Badajoz

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Badajoz

The

Taifa of Badajoz was the first in which the Caliphate of

Córdoba was going to fall into apart.

1009

Fitna of Al-Andalus

ended in 1031
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A civil war had started in the Caliphate of

Córdoba; in a time span of two decades it was going to be divided in Taifas.

1008

Count Alvito Nunes

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V. Nova de Famalicão

Alvito Nunes Count of

Portugal.

1008

Finnish repelled Thorkell

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Helsinki

Thorkell the Tall attacked the region of southern

Finland. The King-to-be of

Norway, Olaf Haraldsson, was thenadays one of Thorkell's

viking warriors. Finnish tribesman repelled the attacking

Norsemen.

1006

A Scottish attack repulsed

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Museum
The Last Kingdom

Uhtred of Bebbanburgh (

Bamburgh

) repelled a

Scottish attack on

Durham led by Malcolm II. therefore he was given the title Aeldorman of

Northumbria by Aethelred II the Unready.

1005

Count Dirk III of West-Frisia

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He ruled

West-Frisia until 1039 at the time a vassal state of the

Holy Roman Empire.

1005

King Malcolm II, Forranach

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Crieff; Perthshire

Máel Coluim Mac Cináeda was going to be High King of the

Scots for a period of almost 30 years.

1004

Sancho Garcés III, the Great

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Zaragoza

Sancho Garcés III Count of

Aragón.

1004

Sancho Garcés III, the Great

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San Millán

Sancho Garcés III King of

Pamplona.

1002

St. Brice's Day massacre

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King Aethelred II the Unready ordered all

Vikings in

England to be slain.

1000

King Sveyn Forkbeard

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Øresund

Norway was partitioned and came again, though partly, under control of the

Danish

Viking Sveyn Forkbeard.

1000

Battle of Svolder

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Øresund

Olaf Tryggvason, the King of

Norway, was defeated in the naval Battle of Svolder (sea of Øresund) by the

Danish

Viking King Sveyn Forkbeard.

1000

Battle of Cervera

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Cervera

The

Córdoba armies, led by Āmir al-Manṣūr the Great, attacked the northern nations of the Iberian peninsula (

Castile in particular) and was victorious, although losses were huge, in the Battle of Cervera.

999

King Alfonso V, the Noble

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León

King Alfonso V of

León was guarded and tutored as a child by Menedo González, Count of

Portugal, until 1008.

997

Count Menendo González

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Braga

Menendo González Count of

Portugal.

996

King Robert II, the Pious

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Orleans (born)

Robert, second of the House of Capet, co-ruled the

Franks the first ten years together with his father Hugh Capet. From 1007 onwards he took on his eldest son Hugh-Magnus as his co-ruler. It didn't really work out well, because Hugh-Magnus, and both his other sons, turned against him.

996

Duke Richard II, the Good

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Rouen

During his period of reign as Duke Richard of

Normandy, he strengthened the bond with Brittany by means of two marriages. And, although King Aethelred II of

England had attacked Contentin (unsuccessfully though), he improved their relation as well; again by means of marriage (his sister Emma with King Aethelred II).

995

King Olaf Tryggvason

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Olaf Tryggvason, an

Irish

Viking, invaded Norway and was given the oath of allegiance of all Jarls. He was accepted as the new King of

Norway whilst the ruling

Viking Sveyn Forkbeard was engaged elsewhere.

995

King Olaf Skötkonung

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Uppsala

The son of Eric the Victorious combined götaland (land of Geats) with Svealand (land of Swedes) and hence was the first King of

Sweden; a turning point concerning

Swedish participation in

Viking raids elsewhere.

995

Count Sancho García

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Burgós

Sancho García, of the Good Laws, Count of

Castile.

994

Count García Sánchez II

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Jaca

García Sánchez II Count of

Aragón.

994

King García Sánchez II

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Pamplona

García Sánchez II King of

Pamplona.

991

Battle of Maldon

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Maldon

Another

Viking invasion in

Essex (where the East-Saxons resided); Aethelred II the Unready had to pay tribute (Danegeld).

990

Códice de Roda

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Madrid

A written document about

Pamplonese history.

Exact year concerning the (finishing of the) writing is unknown.

987

Count Baldwin IV

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Bruges

Baldwin (Flemish; Boudewijn) the Bearded ruled

Flanders for almost half a century. His mother Rozala of

Italy acted as regent during his childhood.

987

King Hugh Capet

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Noyon

The King of

West-Frankia, Louis V, had died suddenly. Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris, suggested his son Hugh Capet as successor; and, indeed he was selected. He is now looked at as the founder of the House of Capet (which would last in

France for centuries).

986

King Sveyn Forkbeard

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Sveyn, son of the famous

Viking King Harald Bluetooth, was a brutal ruler. When he violently had taken the

Danish throne, he consequently became also King of

Norway.

986

King Sveyn Forkbeard

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Sveyn, son of the famous

Viking King Harald Bluetooth, was a brutal ruler. After victoriously having campaigned against his own father, he ascended the throne of

Denmark.

984

King Bermudo II, the Gouty

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León

King Bermudo II of

León was going to rule until his death in 999.

978

King Aethelred II the Unready

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The first period of reign by Aethelred II in Anglo-Saxon

England..

976

Caliph Hisham II

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Córdoba

Hisham received the title of Caliph of

Córdoba as a child. Therefore the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba was ruled by the regent Almanzor (al-Manṣūr ibn Aamir) and it was he who made it grow into its largest extent.

1

→

EUROPE; IBERIA

Portugal

León   (1092)

Castile   (1300)

Pamplona / Navarre

Aragón   (1300)

Córdobian Caliphate   (1000)

Muslim Taifas

Almoravid Empire   (1110)

Almohad Empire   (1172)

Emirate of Granada   (1238)

←

2

→

EUROPE; WEST; CENTRAL

Nowadays divided in

France

Belgium

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Monaco

←

3

→

EUROPE; BRITISH ISLES

Nowadays divided in

England

Scotland

Wales

Ireland

←

4

EUROPE; NORTH

Nowadays divided in

Denmark

Norway

Sweden

Finland

Iceland

Viking period

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The

Viking Age really was predominant for a time span of more than two centuries. In the early stages of the High Medieval era it diminished in its granditude.

Norway

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When the last Viking (Harald Hardrada) had died,

Norway converted to Christianity on the long run. Though, high medieval times are actually marked by a huge period of a Civil War.

Denmark

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A difficult period had dawned for

Denmark, with occasional civil unrest, after having lost control of Daneland (in England). The period was ruled by the House of Estridson which gradually succeeded in stabilizing the overall situation.

Sweden

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During the last stages of the Viking Age,

Sweden came to existence when the provinces of Svealand and Goteland were united for the first time. Swedish lands were consecutively reigned by the House of Munso, the House of Stenkil and the House of Sverker.

Finland

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Finland didn't actually exist as a self-governing country. Though, during the latter stage of the High Medieval Era, the southern part (nowadays called Finland Proper) somehow got disconnected from

Sweden; in a way the birth of

Finland.

Holland

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The County of

Frisia, of which Holland was only a small part, was at the time quite a large coastal area stretching from nowadays South-Holland to North-Germany. It was a vassal state with the

Holy Roman Emperor as its feudal lord. Poor and unsignificant as it was at the time, it gradually developed economically (marshes were turned into farmlands) as a flower which is beginning to bloom.

Flanders

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During Medieval times many Flamish cities had already become economically thriving. Therefore, its feudal lordship, the King of

France, unquestionably had to recognize the importance of the County of

Flanders.

Scotland

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The transition of Gaelic times, when the Kingdom of Alba was in a way predominant amidst the presence of Vikings, into a French focussed period, was most probably of foremost importance for the blossoming of

Scotland.

Ireland

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The small Kingdoms in

Ireland were in the first stage of the High Medieval period united by High King Brian Boru; a major mark in Irish history. Though, it fell apart again and was a century later attacked by King Henry II. Ireland had to submit to the

Angevin Empire (and remained

English for almost four centuries).

Wales

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Medieval times really started when

Wales cleared out Viking Rule; it was done so by the most famous Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. And more, it was he who united the four local Kingdoms (Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth and Morgannwg). However, after his death Wales had to swear fealthy to

England.

England

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After the alteration of rule by

Anglo-Saxons and

Vikings, the complete island entered in 1066 an

Anglo-Norman Age. These Anglo-Norman times transformed into an

Angevin period. And again, neither did this Angevin Empire stand the test of time. Though, all these periods were of the utmost importance in the proces from which

England arose.

Angevin Period

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The

Angevin Empire came to existence and had grown into an enormous extent when Henry Curtmantle, a Plantagenet descendant from Anjou, was crowned King of

England. This, combined with the fact that

Anjou still was a

French fiefdom, were the cause of an ongoing rivalry between the House of Plantagenet and the House of Capet.

Anglo-Norman age

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The

Anglo-Norman Age had started with the crowning of the most famous William the Conqueror as King William I of

England.

Normandy

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The County of

Normandy had sworn fealty to

France long before the High Medieval Era. Though, this dominant County became equally strong which was the cause of a period of switches between war and peace. Most certainly during the Anglo-Norman Age and the Angevin Period.

France

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High Medieval

France was ruled by a line of most powerfull Capetian Kings; all of them feudal lords of the many surrounding counties.

Anjou

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The dominant County of

Anjou belonged as a vassal state to

France.

Burgundy

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The County of

Burgundy was strategically an important vassal state of

France.

Aquitaine

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On the southern border with Spain the large County of

Aquitaine had a significant position for

France, its feudal lordship.

Gascony

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The County of

Gascony was during the first stages of High Medieval times part of the County of

Aquitaine. Through marriage it became a vassal state of the

Angevin Empire. It remained so, even after the dissolution of the Angevin Empire.

Castile

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Castile had been a vassal state of Asturias and later of

León. In 1065 it became a Kingdom, though for only 7 years. After having been a vassal state again for one and a half century it became a feudal Monarchy in 1217. A bit more than a decade later it transformed in the quite dominant Crown Kingdom of

Castile; in fact the foundation for

Spain as we know it today.

León

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The Kingdom of

León was the always present, hugely important and dominant, factor in the Northwest of Iberia. In 1230 it got united with

Castile; in fact the foundation for

Spain as we know it today.

Aragón

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The Kingdom of

Aragón came to existence in 1035 as a separation from the Kingdom of

Pamplona. From 1076 onwards, when King Sancho Ramirez of Aragón became King of Pamplona as well, the region was going to grow steadily (with only a few nadirs) into a huge northeastern Iberian contingent; in fact a large part of

Spain as we know it today.

Pamplona / Navarre

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The Medieval Kingdom of

Pamplona (from around 1162 called Navarre) had remained independent when it was surrounded by the

Frankish Empire in the North, the Kingdom of

León in the West and the Emirate of

Córdoba in the South. During rural times in the High Medieval Era it aggrandized in importance when it, together with

Aragón, enlarged its lands and became in fact a part of

Spain as we know it today.

Caliphate of Córdoba

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The Caliphate of

Córdoba came to existence in 929 (heretofore known as the Emirate of Córdoba) and was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty. The lands (aka Al-Andalus by Muslims) comprised all of nowadays

Portugal and

Spain (except for

Pamplona and

Leon).

Muslim Taifas

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The Caliphate of

Córdoba fell during a civil war apart in several large, and some rather small, Kingdoms. An equal process recurred to the

Almoravid Empire (in 1143) as well as to the

Almohad Caliphate (in 1224). These Muslim

Taifas were going to play, together with the northern Christian Kingdoms, an important role during the ages to come in which the Iberian lands transformed into

Spain and

Portugal.

Spain

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The lands we now know as Spain were mainly known as the Caliphate of

Córdoba, the Kingdom of

León and the Kindom of

Pamplona [later known as Navarre]. Lots of changes took place on the Iberian peninsula during High Medieval Europe; the Caliphate of Córdoba transformed into the Almoravid Empire, the Almohad Empire and later it transformed in Spain when two dominant Kingdoms got united (by Isabella):

Castile and

Aragón.

Portugal

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Before High Medieval Europe almost all the lands we now know as Portugal were part of the Caliphate of

Córdoba. The region north of Porto belonged to

León. Later, the southern region changed into

Taifas (f.e. Badajoz in 1009) from which León conquered the Coimbra region in 1065. Around 1094 the southern region was conquered by the

Almoravid Empire and the northern region became known (for a second time?) as the County of Portugal, which transformed into the Kingdom of

Portugal in 1139 (ruled by the Portuguese House of Burgundy).

Almoravid Empire

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The

Moroccan based Almoravids were, from 1090 onwards, going to rule over the Iberian

Taifas. Soon, they also attacked the Christian Kingdoms and within two decades the caliphate reached its pinnacle; in 1110 the

Almoravid Empire had conquered all of al-Andalus, except the Kingdoms of

León and

Aragón.

Almohad Caliphate

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In 1130 the Almohads conquered Marrakesh (Battle of Buhayra). They rapidly enlarged their

Moroccan lands and in 1146 they set foot on al-Andalus, which they overrun as well within less then three decades. The

Almohad Empire reached then, in 1172, its largest extent. Although the Empire was going to be active on the Iberian peninsula for almost a century, it diminished in power from 1212 onwards.

Emirate of Granada

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The

Almohad Empire had lost control of all regions in al-Andalus but one; the Muslim Taifa of Granada. It transformed in 1238 into The Emirate of

Granada and was going to keep a foothold on the Iberian peninsula for more than one and a half century. It was ruled by the Nasrid Dynasty.

Crusades

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The

Crusades can be seen as one of the major marks on the High Medieval times.

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The EARLY MEDIEVAL ERA is not yet planned for construction

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The LATE MEDIEVAL ERA is not yet planned for construction

1500

late medieval era

1300

high medieval era

1000

early medieval era

500

1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1066
1030
1000


				28	freedom for Scotland 1st Scottish WAR of indepen- dence
				10
				09
				08
				07		Edward II Carnarvon

				06		Robert I The Bruce
Louis I King of Navarre			souvereign Flanders Flemish WAR of liberation	05
				04
		Gascony remains English Gascony WAR		03
Muhammad III Sultan of Granada				02
				01
1300						1300
				99			Haakon V, Magnusson King of Norway
				98
				97

			Count John Of Holland	96				war ended WAR of the Outlaws

			conspiracy against Floris V		England invaded Scotland
Battle of Iznalloz [Granada]				95

King Ferdinand IV of Castile	King Ferdinand IV of León		Auld Alliance		Auld Alliance
				94
				93
				92	John Balliol King of Scotland

					Great Cause about succession
James II King of Aragón				91
				90			Birger King of Sweden
				89
		St. Lucia's flood		87
				86	Queen Margaret		Eric VI, Menved King of Denmark
Alfonso III King of Aragón		Philip IV, the Fair King of France		85
King Sancho IV of Castile	King Sancho IV of León			84
				83
				82
				81
Battle of Moclín [Granada]				80			Eric II, Priest-Hater King of Norway
Denis King of Portugal				79

Siege of Algeciras [Granada]

				78

Battle of Algeciras [Strait of Gibraltar]
				77
Peter III King of Aragón				76
Battle of Martos [Granada]				75

Battle of Écija [Granada]							Magnus I King of Sweden
Joan I Queen of Navarre				74
Muhammad II Sultan of Granada				73
				72	Edward Longshanks King of England
				71
Henry I King of Navarre		Philip III, the bold King of France		70
The end of the Almohad Caliphate				69
				68
Treaty of Badajoz				67
Idris al Wathiq Caliph of Almohads				66

Conquest of Murcia Mudéjar Revolt
				65
				64
				63	Battle of Largs		Magnus VI, the Law-Mender. King of Norway
				62
				61
				60
				59			Eric V Klipping King of Denmark
				58
				57
		Floris V Count of Holland		56
Lisbon appointed Capital of Portugal				55
		conflicts ended Flanders WAR of Succession		54
Theobald II King of Navarre				53

King Alfonso X of Castile	King Alfonso X of León			52			Christopher Valdemarsson King of Denmark
			Guy of Dampierre	51
				50			Abel Valdemarsson King of Denmark

							Valdemar King of Sweden

1250			1250		1250

End of Portuguese 'Reconquista'				49	Alexander III King of Scots

Siege of Seville				48

Hafs Umar al-Murtadã Caliph of Almohads

Alfonso III King of Portugal
			William of Dampierre	47
Siege of Jaén				46
				45
				44

		Margaret II Countess of Flanders
		Saintonge WAR Plantagenet × Capet		43
Caliph Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid		Saintonge WAR Plantagenet × Capet		42
				41			Eric IV, King of Denmark

							'Code of Jutland' (Denmark)
				40			Norwegian Civil WAR ended Norwegian Civil WAR
				39
Emirate of Granada established				38

Battle of the Puig [Province of Valencia]				37

Siege of Córdoba				36
				35
Theobald I King of Navarre		William II Count of Holland		34				King Eric XI

Siege of Burriana [Province of Castellón]				33

fall into (Almohad) Taifas	Caliph al-Wahid II			32

	Battle of Jerez [Cadíz]			31

	Ferdinand III King of Castile (& León)			30

	Siege of Jaén [Arjona]

	Siege of Medina Mayurqa			29

	Battle of Portopí

	Caliph al-Ala Idris al-Ma'mun							King Knut II
				28
	Caliph Yahya al-Mu'tasim			27
		Louis IX King of France		26
				25
	Caliph Abdallah al-Adil			24

	Caliph al-Wahid I (Almohad)

Sancho II King of Portugal		Louis VIII, the Lion King of France		23

		Floris IV Count of Holland		22				King Eric XI
				21
				20
				19
				18
Ferdinand III, the Saint King of Castile				17	Barons' turned 1st Barons' WAR			Haakon IV the Old

Berengaria, the Great Queen of Castile
				16		Henry III King of England		King Johan I

				15

					Magna Carta Libertatum

Henry I King of Castile		Anglo-French WAR Plantagenet × Capet		14	Alexander II King of Scots

James I King of Aragón				13

Yusuf II Caliph of Almohads

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa				12

Alfonso II King of Portugal				11

Battle of al-Dãmus				10
				09
				08				King Eric X
				07
		William I of Holland		06

		William victorious Loon WAR
			Joan of Flanders	05

			territory regained Normandy Campaigns	04			Inge Bardsson

							Guttorm Sigurdsson
				03

		Ada of Holland
				02			Valdemar II Victorious

							Haakon III Sverresson
				01
1200					1200		1200
Muhammad al-Nasir Caliph of Almohads		John Lackland Last Angevin King		99	John Lackland Last Angevin King
				98
				97
Peter II King of Aragón				96
Battle of Alarcos				95			King Sverker II
Sancho the Strong King of Navarre		Baldwin Latin Emperor Count of Flanders		94
				93
				92
		Margaret I Countess of Flanders		91
		Dirk VII Count of Holland		90
		King Richard the Lionheart		89	King Richard the Lionheart
Alfonso IX King of León				88
				87
				86
Sancho I, the Populator King of Portugal				85
Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur Caliph of Almohads				84			Sverre I Sigurdsson

Siege of Santarém
				83
				82			King Knut VI
				81
		Philip II, Dieudonné King of France		80
				79
				78
				77
				76
				75
		Pinnacle of the Angevin Empire		74	Pinnacle of the Angevin Empire

		The Revolt			The Revolt
		The Revolt		73	The Revolt		King Knut I

							Civil War ended King Karl murdered
				72
				71	vassalage accepted Ireland invaded
				70		Th. Becket assas- sinated
				69
		Philip I, of Alsace Count of Flanders		68
				67
				66
				65	William I, the Lion King of Scots
Alfonso II King of Aragón				64	Battle of Renfrew Somerled repelled
Yaqub Yusuf Caliph of Almohads				63
				62
				61			King Karl VII

							Magnus V Erlingsson
				60
				59
Alfonso VIII, the Noble King of Castile				58
King Ferdinand II of León	King Sancho III of Castile	Floris III Count of Holland		57			Battle of Grathe Heath
				56			Eric IX Lawgiver

							Civil War ended in 1157 Civil War
				55
		Henry II, Curtmantle 1st Angevin King		54	Henry II, Curtmantle 1st Angevin King

			Anglo-Norman Period ended The Anarchy	53	Anglo-Norman Period ended The Anarchy	King Malcolm IV
				52
				51
Sancho the Wise King of Navarre		Duke Henry Plantagenet		50

1150						1150
				49
Siege of Tortosa				48

Abd al-Mu'min Caliph of Almohads				47

Siege of Lisbon

Conquest of Santarém

Ishaq ibn Ali Caliph of Almoravids

Ibrahim ibn Tashfin Caliph of Almoravids				46			Valdemar I, the Great

Fall into (Almoravid) Taifas				45
		Duke Geoffrey Plantagenet		44
	Caliph Tashfin II			43
				42
				41
				40
Alfonso I King of Portugal				39

Siege of Oreja

Battle of Ourique
				38
		Louis VII the younger		37			King Eric III

Petronella Queen of Aragón		Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine
				36			Inge I Haraldsson
				35

		Stephen of Blois Anglo-Norman King			Stephen of Blois Anglo-Norman King
King García of Pamplona	King Ramiro II of Aragón			34			King Eric II

Battle of Fraga							Battle of Fotevik
				33
				32			King Sverker I

							Civil War had diminished Civil War
				31
				30

								King Harald IV
		Geoffrey Plantagenet Count of Anjou		29

Battle of São Mamede		Thierry of Alsace Count of Flanders		28

		William Clito Count of Flanders		27
Alfonso VII King of León	Alfonso VII Count of Castile			26
				25
				24	David I King of Scots
				23
				22
		Dirk VI Count of Holland		21
Battle of Cutanda				20
		Charles I Count of Flanders		19
				18
Theresa Queen of Portugal				17
				16
				15
				14
				13
				12
		Baldwin VII Count of Flanders		11
Historia Silense				10

Urraca Queen of León	Urraca Countess of Castile			09

The battle of Uclés		Louis VI, the fighter King of the Franks		08
				07	Alexander I King of Scots
Ali ibn Yusuf Sultan of Almoravids		Henry I conquered Normandy		06

		Battle of Tinchebray
				05
King Alfonso I of Pamplona	King Alfonso I of Aragón			04				King Niels

				03				King Sigurd I the Crusader
				02
				01
				00	Henry I Anglo-Norman King

1100					1100
				99
				98
The battle of Consuegra				97	Edgar, the Valiant King of Scotland
		The 1st Crusade (the departure)		96
Theresa Countess of Portugal				95				King Eric I
				94	Donald III, the Fair King of Scotland

King Peter I of Pamplona	King Peter I of Aragón				Duncan II King of Scotland

		Robert II Count of Flanders		93	Donald III, the Fair King of Scotland			King Magnus III Barefoot
				92
		Floris II Count of Holland		91
				90
				89
				88
		Robert Curthose Duke of Normandy		87	William II (Rufus) Anglo-Norman King

Battle of Sagrajas				86	The Domesday Book			King Olaf I
				85
				84
				83
				82
				81
				80			King Knut IV
				79
				78
				77
Sancho Ramírez King of Pamplona				76			King Harald III
				75
				74
				73
Alfonso took Castile				72

Sancho victor War of 3 brothers
		Robert I Count of Flanders		71

	Battle of Pedroso	Battle of Cassel

		Arnulf III Count of Flanders		70
				69
				68
				67

	Castile annexed disputed area's War of 3 Sancho's	Baldwin VI Count of Flanders					King Olaf III Kyrre
				66	William the Conqueror Anglo-Norman King

					Battle of Hastings William of Normandy

					B. of Stamford Bridge Harold Godwinson		Magnus II, Haraldsson King of Norway

					Battle of Fulford Harald Hardrada

					Harold Godwinson King of England

		1066			1066
				65

García II (Galicia)

Alfonso VI (León)

Sancho II (Castile)
				64
Sancho Ramírez King of Aragón				63
				62			Battle of Niså; Halland (thenadays Denmark)
Yusuf ibn Tashfin Sultan of Almoravids		Dirk V Count of West-Frisia		61
		Philip I, the Amorous King of the Franks		60			Stenkil King of Sweden
				59
				58	Malcolm III, Canmore King of Alba
				57	Lulach, Tairbith King of Alba
				56
				55	Gruffydd ap Llywelyn King of Wales
Sancho of Peñalén King of Pamplona		Battle of Mortemer Normandy 'independent'		54

Battle of Atapuerca
				53
				52
				51	King Edward appointed a successor
Nuno Mendes Count of Portugal				50			Emund the Old King of Sweden
		Floris I Count of West-Frisia		49			Battle of Hedeby
				48
		Battle of Val-ès-Dunes Normandy rebellion		47			Sveyn II Estridsson	Harald III Hardrada
				46
				45
				44
				43
				42	Edward the Confessor King of England		Magnus I, the Good King of Denmark
				41
				40	Macbeth King of Alba

					Harthacnut King of England
		Dirk IV Count of West-Frisia		39
				38
Ferdinand I King of León				37

Battle of Tamarón
				36
Ramiro I King of Aragón		William Duke of Normandy		35

Gárcia Sánchez III King of Pamplona		Baldwin V Count of Flanders			Harold I, Harefoot King of England		King Harthacnut	Magnus I the Good
				34	Duncan I King of Alba
				33
		Robert I Duke of Burgundy		32
Fall of the Cordoban Caliphate Fitna of Al-Andalus	Taifa of Córdoba	Henry I, of the Franks the 3rd Capetian King		31
				30			Battle of Stiklestad

	1030				1030
	Ferdinand Count of Castile			29

	Pamplona annexed Castile

	Count Mendo Nunes			28

	King Bermudo III						Cnut the Great King of Norway

		Robert I Duke of Normandy		27

		Richard III Duke of Normandy		26			Battle of Helgeå
				25
				24
	Taifa of Sevilla			23
				22			Anund Jacob King of Sweden
				21
				20
				19
	Taifa of Algarve	Battle of Vlaardingen		18	Battle of Carham		Cnut II, the Great King of Denmark

	Count García Sánchez			17
				16	Cnut II, the Great conquered England

					Edmund Ironside King of England
	Count Nuno Alvites			15			Olaf II, Haraldsson King of Norway

				14	Battle of Clontarf	Aethelred II returned	Harald II King of Denmark

	Taifa of Zaragoza			13	Sveyn Forkbeard King of England
				12
				11
	Taifa of Toledo			10

	Taifa of Valencia

	Taifa of Badajoz			09
Alvito Nunes Count of Portugal				08			Finnish repelled Thorkell the tall
				07
				06	English repulsed a Scottish attack
		Dirk III Count of West-Frisia		05	Malcolm II, Forranach High King of Scots
Sancho III King of Pamplona	Sancho III Count of Aragón			04
				03
				02	St. Brice's Day Massacre
				01
				00			Sveyn Forkbeard King of Norway

Battle of Cervera							Battle of Svolder
1000					1000
Alfonso V, the Noble King of León				99
				98
Menendo González Count of Portugal				97
		Robert II, the Pious King of Franks		96

		Richard II, the Good Duke of Normandy
				95			Olaf Tryggvason King of Norway

Sancho Gárcia Count of Castile							Olaf Skötkonung King of Sweden
Gárcia Sánchez King of Pamplona	Gárcia Sánchez Count of Aragón			94
				93
				92
				91	The Battle of Maldon (England; Essex)
Códice de Roda				90
				89
				88
		Baldwin IV Count of Flanders		87

		Hugh Capet King of Franks
				86			Forkbeard King of Denmark	Forkbeard King of Norway
				85
Bermudo II King of León				84
				83
				82
				81
				80
				79
				78	Aethelred II King of England
				77
Hisham II Caliph of Córdoba				76